Spain

Abogados Cristianos (Christian Lawyers Association, AC) is an ultraconservative organization founded in 2008. According to its website, AC is a Spanish non-profit made up of lawyers, prosecutors, jurists, professors, and law students. AC is primarily an anti-abortion organization that works to restrict women’s reproductive rights. But the group is also rabidly anti-LGBTQ+, railing against transgender rights, sex education, and the “destructive…gender ideology.” The president of the organization, Polonia Castellanos, describes their work as focused on “defending life, liberty, and the family.” Their activism primarily involves launching legal complaints against LGBTQ+ rights, diversity education, abortion, and freedom of expression when they believe these issues are in conflict with their vision of Christianity. As part of their anti-LGBTQ+ agenda, the group opposes banning conversion therapy, the cruel “treatment” that tries to change sexual orientation or identity and has been described as akin to torture by a UN Special Rapporteur. 

According to investigations led by journalist Santiago Mata, the organization’s president has ties to El Yunque, a secret Mexican society originating in Mexico that is ultra-Catholic, antisemitic, and fascist, and has had members in powerful Mexican government positions. Mata, one of the leading experts on El Yunque in Spain, has repeatedly linked Abogados Cristianos to El Yunque. In an interview on the TV channel La Sexta, he stated that Castellanos’ organization is “100 percent a front for El Yunque, without a doubt.” In his book El Yunque en España, he also explains that Castellanos’ husband, Alfonso González Rodríguez-Vilariño — a member of the far-right party Vox — was the one who recruited her into the sect.

AC is strongly against LGBTQ+ rights, opposing the display of Pride flags on public buildings, diversity education in schools, and the criminalization in Spain of conversion therapy. It also openly rejects same-sex marriage. The group argues, contrary to judicial rulings, that the Spanish Constitution “clearly shows that marriage is reserved for heterosexual couples.” In 2020, they played a significant role in opposing the Anti-LGTBIfobia Law that was passed in the Community of Madrid, which included penalties for conversion therapies. Abogados Cristianos provided free legal defense for a “therapist” who was fined €20,000 for conducting such therapy. They also filed a complaint against the vice president of the Community of Madrid at the time for publicly revealing the fine. In a video later shared on their social media, they referred to this therapist as “a coach persecuted by the LGTBI lobby.” 

Abogados Cristianos filed complaints against several LGTBQ+ activists who protested against conversion therapy sessions organized by the Diocese of Alcalá de Henares. The activists chanted slogans like “You fascists are the terrorists” directed at the members of the Diocese, and Abogados Cristianos responded by filing charges for hate crimes and offenses against religious sentiments. On their website, the group opposes efforts in other countries, such as Mexico, to “criminalize so-called ‘conversion therapies,'” arguing that such measures would “restrict individuals’ rights to freedom and health by limiting access to sexuality-related treatments.”

As part of their activism, they also file legal complaints for what they perceive as offenses against religious sentiments that they view as not protected by freedom of expression guarantees. One of their most controversial lawsuits was filed against the organizers of the “Coño Insumiso” [Defiant Pussy in English] procession—a controversial feminist demonstration inspired by traditional Holy Week processions. The organization claims that such events promote “insult, mockery, humiliation, and scorn toward the beliefs of a segment of the population.” They have filed a lawsuit against a former Podemos party member, a left-wing political group, for allegedly inciting hate with a tweet that referenced cases of pedophilia among certain priests. 

The group has a Mexican chapter and is active in Latin America. The Mexican branch describes itself as defending “the fundamental rights of all Mexicans” and its tagline is “religious freedom, life and family.” They believe Mexican law should reflect biblical values. The Mexican spokesperson is Carlos Ramírez, who in an interview with the conspiracy outfit Epoch Times, severely criticized the Mexican government, particularly former President López Obrador, for restricting the religious freedoms of the Catholic Church. In 2010, it opposed same-sex marriage before the Supreme Court in Mexico City, although the measure was ultimately legalized. 

Aliança Catalana is a Catalan separatist party with anti-immigrant and anti-Muslim views. Aliança Catalana is led by Silvia Orriols, who was a town councilor in Ripoll before founding the party. She had also previously been a member of Front National, another far-right separatist party. The group was officially registered as a political party in July 2020, and in 2023, they won the mayor’s office in Ripoll, a town in Girona (Catalonia) with a population of around 11,000. Ripoll is the largest municipality in Spain where a far-right candidate took office that year. In May 2024, the party secured two seats in the Catalan Parliament, earning 118,000 votes. Before the creation of Aliança Catalana, Ripoll made headlines because of the horrendous 2017 knifing and car ramming attacks by Muslim extremists in Barcelona and Cambrils, which resulted in 16 deaths and nearly 140 injuries. They were carried out by a group of young men from Ripoll, all of whom were of Muslim origin but born in Catalonia. 

“I am Catalan and Islamophobic,” Orriols states openly on her profile on X/Twitter. The party describes itself on its website as one that “always acts in favor of the rights of the Catalan nation and works to achieve an independent state for our land.” On immigration policies, they claim: “We will promote immigration policies that benefit Catalans, not foreigners. And we will establish a zero-tolerance policy toward public insecurity, Islamic radicalism, and terrorism.” Their electoral program for the 2024 elections, originally written in Catalan, states that with the arrival of 151,000 immigrants to Catalonia in 2022, “it is absurd to think we can take in that many people without seeing a drop in the number of Catalan speakers; a decline in academic performance in our schools; wage depreciation; longer hospital waiting lines; more people relying on food banks; and a loss in property values due to the appearance of overcrowded flats that scare away buyers.”

As mayor of Ripoll, Orriols has promoted policies to ban halal and kosher meals, as well as the Islamic veil in public schools in the municipality she governs. “The Aliança government has just managed to ban, for 10 years, in the Ripoll slaughterhouse, sacrifices without prior stunning (kosher and halal), and with the unanimous vote of the plenary,” she announced on her X account in January, where she also wrote: “They kick us out, yes, but we’re going through the front door.”

Orriols was fined in 2024 by the Department of Equality and Feminism of the Generalitat of Catalonia, with a €10,001 penalty for statements made in a 2022 television debate that were deemed discriminatory. In that program, which discussed immigration, she said: “For me, trying to preserve the level of civilization we have achieved through so much effort and sacrifice is not racism, but common sense. I believe allowing the mass entry of Muslim immigrants is a mistake that we may pay dearly for, because Muslims do not recognize European democracies or our civil laws.” She added, “They follow a religious law, sharia, and when they become a demographic majority, sharia supporters could run in elections and win through the ballot box, and thus impose sharia, misogyny, and homophobia on the whole population… .I don’t want that in my home, nor for my children, nor for my grandchildren.” 

Orriols fiercely defends her anti-Muslim views: “I will not ask permission or forgiveness for being Islamophobic. Perhaps those who should apologize to future generations are those who have treated Islam as a mere religion and not as a totalitarian, misogynistic, homophobic, and backward political ideology.” Her anti-immigrant rhetoric, inspired by her Catalan separatist views, refers to an “invasion” — not only of non-Spanish migrants but also of Spanish citizens who are not Catalan. “More than 50-60% of births in Vic, Manlleu, Olot, and Manresa (Catalan cities) are from children with foreign-born parents… In Salt, the figure is close to 70%. This is not a spontaneous phenomenon, but a planned invasion,” she wrote on her X account in 2024. Orriols claims this “invasion” is “orchestrated,” blaming several actors: the monarchy, “employers’ organizations, trade unions, progressives, the left and the right,” as well as “the Spanish and French governments.” In one interview, Orriols even said that “the Spanish state has aimed to annihilate us for 400 years” and claimed their plan is “to send us immigrants from anti-Western backgrounds, often problematic, to create insecurity in our streets.”

Political Network for Values (PNfV) is an international alliance of far-right actors who describe themselves as “political representatives working together with social leaders to learn and seek concrete solutions.” Although it has a global presence, its registered headquarters are in Madrid. The group acts as a lobbying and networking platform that connects far-right actors and organizations worldwide, actively promoting a transnational agenda that seeks to impose conservative Christian values by opposing LGBTQ+ rights, women’s bodily autonomy, and euthanasia, while defending a traditional family model. 

At a 2023 gathering at the UN, speakers made clear that they believed the summit’s stated goal of “rescuing the original meaning” of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights meant restricting what they called “false” or “non-universal rights.” These included women’s reproductive rights, especially abortion, which they say should be banned worldwide and equal rights to healthcare, education, marriage, family and adoption for LGBTQ+ people, particularly trans people. Sharon Slater, the head of Family Watch International and a PNfV board member, spoke at the UN meeting. Slater was deeply involved in the political organizing behind the infamous Uganda law that criminalized LGBTQ+ people. PNfV shares many board members with another Spanish anti-LGBTQ+ group, CitizenGO.

Most of PNfV’s funding comes from the American, Mexican and Spanish organizations that co-sponsor its activities, including the American anti-LGBTQ+ legal outfit Alliance Defending Freedom, the Madrid-based CitizenGO, and Red de Acción Ética Política (Political Ethical Action Network), a Mexican group that promotes legislation against equal marriage and abortion. There has also been at least one donation in 2019 from the Hungarian government. PNfV has close links to the current Hungarian regime, having previously been chaired by a former minister and member of the country’s parliament, Katalin Novák, who left her position with the organization to be sworn in as Hungary’s president in 2022 (she was later ousted in a scandal for pardoning an individual connected to accusations of pedophilia).

Although headquartered in Spain, PNfV is a transnational organization. The organization is also registered in the United States, in the state of Massachusetts, as a nonprofit corporation with a Frisco, Texas address. According to its website, its board of directors includes several powerful global anti-LGBTQ+ activists, including prominent anti-LGBTQ+ Americans Sharon Slater (president of Family Watch International), Benjamin Bull (counsel at the National Center on Sexual Exploitation), and Brian Brown (president of the International Organization for the Family/World Congress of Families). The organization claims defending “religious freedom” is one of its core values. They argue that “one of the most scandalous manifestations of the relativism we suffer today is our society’s lack of response — even indifference — to religious persecution around the world.” According to PNfV, “relativism is essentially rooted in an ideology that expands the list of false and supposed new rights, which effectively abolish responsibilities — whether toward the elderly, children, or the unborn.” This organization is against same-sex marriage: “Marriage is an institution between a man and a woman, where each contributes differently yet complementarily to the process of forming a family. Therefore, it is essential to promote this institution at the civic level and support it legally.” The organization is fiercely anti-abortion. In its ideological manifesto, it states that “euthanasia, like abortion, cannot be considered a right.” 

PNfV’s 2025 conference was held at the Spanish Senate in Madrid, following earlier events in New York, Budapest, and Bogotá. The Madrid event brought together 200 activists from 45 countries, many of them elected officials. During the event, abortion was described as the “murder of innocents,” and it was claimed that “teenagers use it as a method of contraception.” Euthanasia was labeled “a mortal sin and a crime against life,” and it was argued that using the term “spouses” without specifying “a man and a woman” paves the way for polygamy and even same-sex marriage. 

During the opening ceremony, the network’s honorary president, former Spanish minister and Honorary President of One of Us Federation for Human Life and Dignity, Jaime Mayor Oreja, made a statement defending creationism — the doctrine that denies the theory of evolution and Darwinism — declaring: “Among scientists, those who defend the truth of creation over the narrative of evolution are prevailing.” At that same event, Mayor Oreja also stated that the main problem in society is the attempt to “replace a social order based on Christian foundations with an implacable social disorder” dominated by “abominable trends.” Past PNfV events have had similarly controversial speakers with ties to authoritarian governments, Christian nationalist groups, and who have engaged in discriminatory speech.

PNfV supports the Geneva Consensus Declaration, an effort to redefine the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. A repeat speaker at their events is Valerie Huber, the American architect of the Geneva Consensus Declaration and Trump’s former special representative for Global Women’s Health at the US Department of Health and Human Services. According to Ipas, “Huber’s vision for the GCD is that it become a major coalition force on the world stage—a bloc of like-minded nations, acting within a common framework to change international dynamics, that subverts existing international human rights law and the United Nations. She has called statements by the UN and the World Health Organization on sexual and reproductive health and rights examples of ‘ideology masquerading as expertise.’” Huber continually claims falsely that the UN promotes “extreme ideology” and that it infringes upon “the sovereign right of nations to determine their own laws.” 

Between 2002 and 2024, the network’s president was far-right Chilean politician José Antonio Kast. Kast has openly defended the legacy of Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet. In his 2017 presidential campaign, Kast said, “My name is José Antonio Kast, and I do proudly defend the work of the military government.” He also claimed, “if he [Pinochet] were alive he would vote for me.”

The current president is Stephen Bartulica, a Croatian MEP from the far-right party Dom i Nacionalno Okupljanje (Home and National Rally, DOMiNO) who is also a member of the far- right Catholic movement Opus Dei. He participated in the CPAC conference held in Hungary in May 2025, which featured prominent anti-immigrant and anti-LGBTQ+ elected officials and activists. The organization’s vice president is Mexican politician Rodrigo Iván Cortés, founder of El Frente Nacional por la Familia (National Front for the Family), a far-right Catholic association in Mexico known for its anti-LGBTQ+ positions and advocacy of so-called traditional family values. Jamie Mayor Oreja, PNfV’s Honorary President and a former Spanish politician, has expressed warm feelings for life under the former fascist dictator Francisco Franco, saying in 2007, “Why should I condemn Francoism if there were many families who lived it normally and naturally?” 

In another event held online in 2021, the organization issued a consensus declaration stating that “Europe’s future can only be built on its past and its Judeo-Christian roots, which we cannot renounce or forget if we want to preserve our identity; this heritage is the key to our future and has already proven to be a guarantee of peace for more than half a century.” In 2023, PNfV’s vice president, Mexican national Rodrigo Iván Cortés, was convicted for committing gender-based political violence against Mexican transgender Congresswoman Salma Luévano. 

CitizenGO is an ultraconservative organization that predominantly runs online petitions and was founded in 2013 as the international extension of HazteOir, a similar Spanish platform whose members have been linked to the secret Mexican fascist sect El Yunque.  A court ruling confirmed that “some members” of HazteOir were linked to El Yunque. The group claims to have teams “in fifteen cities on three continents,” though they do not specify where. The group proudly proclaims to influence “institutions, bodies, and organizations in 50 different countries,” mostly defending causes associated with its far-right religious views that oppose same-sex marriage and LGBTQ+ rights, abortion, and euthanasia. It operates globally in 12 languages. Their campaigns can be accessed online, but CitizenGO also carries out massive mail campaigns to spread its propaganda. They claim to have more than 18 million members worldwide.

HazteOír was founded in February 2001 by Ignacio Arsuaga, an anti-LGBTQ+ and anti-woman’s rights activist with close ties to individuals who would later create the far=right political party Vox. HazteOír has taken part in far-right demonstrations, such as the 2005 protest in Madrid against same-sex marriage, which was supported by around twenty Catholic bishops. It is also a key player in the international anti-LGBTQ+ rights movement, hosting the 2012 American-based World Congress of Families (WCF) in Madrid, the main global forum for organizations, activists, and elected officials in the movement. Arsuaga is a member of the board of the U.S. organization The International Organization for the Family, which puts on WCF. 

For years, HazteOír has organized protests to pressure women to change their minds just steps from an abortion clinic’s entrance in Madrid, and has held large prayer vigils. To prevent such intimidation, the Spanish government amended its penal code in April 2022, criminalizing harassment outside abortion clinics with prison sentences ranging from three months to one year or community service. Following this change in the law, HazteOír-affiliated groups changed tactics and set up facilities very close to abortion clinics. Just 30 meters from the Dator clinic (Madrid), a HazteOír-affiliated group called Derecho a Vivir (Right to Life) has set up a “pro-life shelter.” Activists from this organization intercept women on their way to the clinic and steer them there instead. In line with the ultra-Catholic stance of his organization, Arsuaga stated at the 2019 World Congress of Families that in order to win the “cultural war,” one must “pray.” “Pray for the natural family, pray for our families. Trust God, trust Divine Providence. Show the world the goodness and the beauty of the natural family,” he emphasized.

CitizenGO’s activism has been marked by attacks on reproductive health legislation and pressure on lawmakers through intimidation tactics, such as sending toy fetuses covered in red liquid to simulate blood. On its website, it has promoted support for so-called “conversion therapies,” the dangerous practice of attempting to change sexual orientation or identity which has been described as akin to torture and banned in dozens of countries.  They have led boycott campaigns against companies that support diversity.

CitizenGO also aligns itself with anti-government and supranational conspiracy theories, opposing the WHO Pandemic Treaty with disinformation about alleged “forced vaccines” and the “silencing of dissenters.” Its anti-trans rhetoric has been particularly aggressive, notably sending to multiple countries a bus covered in transphobic messages. In Africa, it has driven disinformation campaigns on social media against reproductive health. CitizenGO has opposed decriminalizing same-sex relationships in Kenya.

The impact of their actions is global. Between 2020 and 2021, the Mozilla Foundation uncovered CitizenGO’s involvement in a disinformation campaign on Twitter against two Kenyan laws: the Reproductive Health Bill 2019 and the Assisted Reproductive Technology Bill 2019. These bills aimed to ban coercive sterilization, provide free prenatal and postnatal services to all women, and create guidelines for assisted reproduction. The Twitter campaigns targeted Kenyan politicians and activists who supported the bills and reproductive rights. Influencers involved in the campaign admitted to being paid $10 to $15 per campaign by individuals acting on behalf of CitizenGO. One of the activists harassed was Nelly Munyasia, the executive director of Kenya’s Reproductive Health Network. She told The Bureau of Investigative Journalism that CitizenGO shared her photo on social media, portraying her as a murderer. 

In Nigeria, CitizenGO successfully led a petition that resulted in the closure of an abortion clinic. The organization has since focused its lobbying efforts in Africa on “promoting hate and diminishing queer spaces,” according to a report by the Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria in South Africa. 

Although CitizenGO conducts much of its activity online, they have also organized offline stunts, such as an orange bus that toured cities in the U.S., Germany, Kenya, Chile, France, and Spain with transphobic messages painted on it, including slogans like ‘Boys have penises, girls have vulvas, don’t be fooled’ or ‘It’s biology: Boys are boys… and always will be. Girls are girls… and always will be. You can’t change sex. Respect all’.  Similar messages have also been spread on their social media platforms. In their rhetoric against the rights of LGBTQ+ individuals and the visibility of this community, they have launched boycott campaigns against international companies that promote the visibility of the LGBTQ+ community, whether in films, such as Disney; in children’s toys, such as Lego; or against LGBTQ+ content programming on Spanish public television. In 2013, CitizenGO signed a declaration in support of the Russian law that claimed to be protecting children from being exposed to homosexuality, but had the practical effect that hate crimes against LGBTQ+ people increased by two to three times soon after its introduction.

The CitizenGO website also hosts and promotes campaigns defending conversion therapy. They use “data” from the American anti-LGBTQ+ Family Research Council to claim that sexual orientation change “is not only possible, but also very natural among LGBT people.” They launched a campaign against a Canadian law that seeks to ban these therapies. In the petition, they argue that this prohibition “represents a dangerous and unprecedented political intrusion into matters related to science, medicine, health, spirituality, and personal autonomy.” To justify their stance, they resort to religion, stating: “We are defending the freedom to preach the Bible, which speaks about the reality that LGBT people can experience change.” 

In 2021, CitizenGO board member Luca Volontè was sentenced to four years in prison for accepting bribes from the government of Azerbaijan in exchange for suppressing a report on Azerbaijan’s human rights record. Some of these funds were transferred to CitizenGO. In 2024, leaked emails showed CitizenGO’s founder Arsuaga tried to raise funds from anti-LGBTQ+ Russian oligarchs.

Democracia Nacional is a non-parliamentary political party founded in 1995 with no representation in public institutions. The organization promotes nationalist and xenophobic ideas. It uses slogans such as “Spaniards first” and runs racist campaigns with messages like “multiculturalism kills” or calls for “mass deportations.” In its public discourse and on social media, it supports far-right conspiracy theories such as the white supremacist “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory, claiming that “Spaniards are disappearing.” On their social media and website, they claim: “2045: the date is set for the Great Replacement.” “You only have to walk down the street to see that Spaniards are disappearing, that there are fewer and fewer of them, and more and more foreigners everywhere. It is a full-blown genocide and population replacement, and it doesn’t look like it’s going to slow down—quite the opposite, especially given Africa’s demographic projections for the coming decades,” they state. They even claim this is a strategy “planned by politicians, business associations, trade unions, and the media.”

The party also spreads antisemitic and revisionist rhetoric, questioning the Holocaust and promoting narratives about a “New World Order” and “Zionist Globalization.” On its website, it claims that feminists and the LGBTQ+ community contribute to the “destruction of the family.” Several of its principals have been investigated for incidents involving violence and hate speech. The party’s leader, Pedro Chaparro, has been convicted and imprisoned for incitement to hatred and for attacking a Catalan institutional event in Madrid. Other members have been convicted for harassing Muslim communities, targeting journalists, and promoting antisemitic messages.

In their xenophobic narrative, they also target the Muslim population, claiming that “Islamism is also growing in Europe, in all countries.” “Mohamed is already the most popular name in England. We must stop this process of Islamization as soon as possible, or our descendants will not forgive us,” they state in a post on X. At an event organized by the party in 2023 to celebrate October 12—what they call the Day of the Homeland and Spain’s National Day—Chaparro spoke about the construction of a mosque, claiming that everyone knows “it could generate serious unrest and a cultural clash.”

They also promote the theory that globalist elites rule the world and even go so far as to question the Holocaust on their website. In one publication, they state: “Starting from the basis of Zionism (or Anglo-Zionism), people are absolutely clear about who governs us.” “Historical revisionism has marked a before and after in the process of seeking truth, as well as the violent and disproportionate reaction of the system against those who dared—and dare—to question what we are imposed on as dogma ‘The Holocaust.’” In another article on their website, signed by Chaparro, they claim there is a “historical hatred” by “Zionists” towards “the Spanish people” in “revenge for the expulsion of Sephardic Jews by the Catholic Monarchs.”

On other matters, Democracia Nacional states that they: “Don’t care if we are labeled SEXIST, HOMOPHOBIC, or TRANSPHOBIC for refusing to play along with Marxist feminism, the LGTBI dictatorship, and gender ideology, which represent the destruction of the family, the reduction of the birth rate, and consequently, the advancement OF THE [KALERGI] PLAN.” The Kalergi Plan is a conspiracy related to the Great Replacement that claims that Austrian-Japanese politician Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi, creator of the Paneuropean Union, concocted a plot to mix and replace white Europeans with other races via immigration. The conspiracy theory is most often associated with far-right European groups and parties. Memes promoting the conspiracy theory often incorporate misrepresentations of Kalergi’s writings, such as the false claim he stated that Jews shall rule over Europe.

Among the party’s allies are well-known Spanish extremists, such as Pedro Varela, owner of the neo-Nazi bookstore Europa, who was sentenced in 2024 to a year and a half in prison for inciting hatred by spreading and selling Nazi material that denied the Holocaust. Varela has participated in several events organized by Democracia Nacional. Chaparro also paid tribute to the leader of the Spanish neo-Nazi organization Alianza Nacional, Pedro Pablo Peña, upon his death. They have taken part in events organized by the French far-right Les Nationalistes and showed support for leaders of the Italian white nationalist party Forza Nuova, who were arrested for staging violent protests during the pandemic.

The organization has attended demonstrations against abortion rights. On its website, they feature a report from a march in which they participated, where slogans “were shouted against the abortion law and in favor of the rights of the unborn.” Coincidentally, in a photo published on their website, Chaparro appears alongside Rocío Monasterio, former president of Vox Madrid; Santiago Abascal, president of Vox; and Ignacio Arsuaga, leader of HazteOír. 

Chaparro has served time in prison for public disorder and disrupting a political event. In 2013, Chaparro and other far-right activists attempted to sabotage the celebration of La Diada—Catalonia’s national day—organized by the Catalan government at the Blanquerna Cultural Center in Madrid. The attackers stormed the venue waving Spanish and far-right flags, shouting slogans like “Catalonia is Spain,” assaulting attendees, releasing irritant gas, and tearing down the Catalan flag from the stage. Chaparro was sentenced to two years and nine months in prison for his role in the attack. Chaparro has also received another conviction. In 2017, a court sentenced him to one year in prison and imposed a €1,800 fine for inciting hatred against photojournalist Jordi Borràs, violating fundamental rights. The incident occurred during a 2015 far-right rally in Barcelona, where Chaparro publicly targeted Borràs, saying: “We’ve seen that rat, Jordi Borràs, around here. I ask all of you to look around, and if you see him, smack him—not too violently, we don’t want you getting arrested—but give him a good one and make him leave.”

Like other far-right groups, Democracia Nacional took part in violent protests in November and December 2023 outside the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party’s (PSOE) headquarters in Madrid. These demonstrations opposed the Spanish government’s Amnesty Law, which aimed to pardon those involved in the Catalan independence process (“procés”) between 2012 and 2023. During these demonstrations, protesters shouted xenophobic and homophobic slurs such as “No to Moors,” “Marlaska, f****t!”—targeting Interior Minister Fernando Grande-Marlaska, who is openly gay—and insults against the Prime Minister like “Pedro Sánchez, son of a bitch.” Some demonstrators held up inflatable sex dolls while chanting “These are the PSOE ministers.” Madrid’s judiciary is set to prosecute Pablo Lucini Iturralde, a member of Democracia Nacional’s national board, for his involvement in these protests. Prosecutors are seeking over two years of prison time on charges of public disorder aggravated by ideological discrimination.

Chaparro has also expressed support on social media for Josué Estébanez, a Spanish neo-Nazi and former soldier convicted of murdering 16-year-old anti-fascist Carlos Palomino with a knife on the Madrid metro. At the time, Estébanez was en route to an anti-immigration rally organized by Democracia Nacional. He was sentenced to 26 years in prison—19 for the ideologically motivated murder, and seven for attempted homicide.

In 2022, another conviction linked to the party occurred: the Barcelona High Court sentenced Alberto Bruguera, former coordinator of Democracia Nacional in Catalonia, to 18 months in prison and a €4,320 fine for the 2018 assault on three Catalan independence supporters in Balsareny (Barcelona). The attack took place after a Democracia Nacional march, with the victims being insulted as “independentist pigs.” Bruguera was also sentenced to two years and six months in prison for leading harassment campaigns against the opening of the Nou Barris mosque in Barcelona in 2017. He and 13 other far-right individuals were convicted. Prosecutors stated that far-right groups, including Democracia Nacional, infiltrated and manipulated neighborhood protests, turning them into a targeted campaign of intimidation and harassment against the Muslim community. The Spanish judiciary also acted after a Democracia Nacional rally held on October 12, 2021. During the demonstration, attendees shouted slogans such as “Out, commies!,” “Hitler,” “Long live Franco,” “No to unaccompanied migrant minors,” and “Where are the separatists?” Police identified one individual who yelled “Death to the Jews,” “Kill Jews,” and “Death to Israel”—chants that were echoed by several young participants. That individual was sentenced to attend two human rights education courses. 

España 2000 is a far-right political party founded in 2002 and based in Valencia. Although the party lacks significant political representation, it achieved success in the 2011 and 2015 regional elections, securing council seats in municipalities across both the Valencia and Madrid regions. España 2000’s political platform is heavily focused on xenophobia, as evidenced by their slogan “Against their invasion: remigration!” and their call to “put Spaniards first” while advocating for the “repatriation of surplus immigration.” Remigration proposes the ethnic cleansing of non-white immigrants from Europe.

España 2000’s members show admiration for figures like the former dictator Francisco Franco and his fellow fascist José Antonio Primo de Rivera, the founder of the Spanish Falange. A post on their Instagram shows they attended a mass in memory of both men. In the video attached to that post, dozens of people are seen performing the fascist salute while singing the Francoist anthem “Cara al Sol” and chanting the dictatorship’s slogan: “España, una. España, grande. España, libre [Spain, one. Spain, great. Spain, free].” The group organizes events to commemorate July 18, the anniversary of the 1936 coup d’état led by Franco against the Second Spanish Republic, where they have been known to perform fascist salutes while singing Francoist anthems. The group also promotes conspiracy theories, including the white supremacist “Great Replacement.” In addition, España 2000 has expressed antisemitic views, anti-Muslim sentiments, and hostility towards LGBTQ+ rights.

Their political program links migration with crime, claiming that “it is easy to conclude that foreign crime has increased police spending, since the exponential increase in police forces took place between 2000 and 2011.” They add: “It is clear that cultures and ways of life foreign to Europe, many of which despise and condemn women under the darkness of a burka, subject them to mutilations or treat them as mere sexual objects to the rhythm of reggaeton, are neither acceptable nor tolerable in our country.”

The party is led by José Luis Roberto, who also owns a private security company, Levantina Seguridad. Roberto has been linked to the National Association of Entrepreneurs of Night Clubs (ANELA), a business association representing the sex worker industry, where he served as secretary general. His criminal record includes a conviction in 2004 for false witness in a traffic accident case. Despite his controversial background, Roberto was honored in 2019 by the Spanish National Police, an event that triggered criticism from police leadership when it was publicly revealed. 

Members of España 2000 took part in a 2021 demonstration in Madrid, held in the city’s LGBTQ+-friendly neighborhood, Chueca, during which slogans such as “Get AIDS carriers out of Madrid,” “Gays out of our neighborhoods,” and “Down with same-sex marriage” were chanted. Newspapers, including Público, were able to confirm that the organization arranged at least one bus to transport its members to the rally.

España 2000 has been involved in multiple acts of intimidation and disruption. One high-profile incident targeted Mónica Oltra, a progressive politician and former vice president of the Valencian government. While she was still in office, a group of around 20 masked individuals associated with España 2000 staged a protest outside her home, chanting nationalist slogans in favor of a united Spain and accusing Oltra and her party of attempting to “break up Spain.”

Roberto was arrested during Spain’s transition from dictatorship to democracy for allegedly placing two bombs at an independence meeting, although he was never convicted and denied any involvement. More recently, in 2019, several members of España 2000 disrupted the screening of “Mientras dure la guerra (While the War Lasts),” a film by Alejandro Amenábar that depicted writer Miguel de Unamuno’s initial support for the Francoist military coup and his later change of heart as Franco’s opponents were imprisoned. The far-right group claimed that the film portrayed “the story in a biased way.”

In November and December 2023, España 2000 participated alongside other far-right groups in violent riots outside the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party’s (PSOE) headquarters in Madrid. These protests were against the Amnesty Law passed by the Spanish government, which sought to grant judicial pardons to the leaders and participants of the Catalan independence movement (“procés”) between 2012 and 2023. In March 2002, España 2000 organized an anti-immigration demonstration in Ruzafa, a Valencian neighborhood with a significant immigrant population. Far-right participants chanted xenophobic slogans such as “No to Blacks,” “Fear of Moors,” and “Spain is not a zoo.” Although the party’s leader, Roberto, was acquitted of charges related to inciting racial hatred, violence, and discrimination, the court found it proven that he had played an organizational and leadership role in the protest.

Like other extremist groups, España 2000 shows support for Isabel Medina Peralta, who was sentenced in April by the Provincial Court of Madrid to one year in prison for hate speech against immigrants. Upon arriving at court, Peralta performed a fascist salute. Peralta was the leader of the now dissolved neo-Nazi Bastion Frontal. On Instagram, España 2000 posted: “All our support to this brave comrade. Some of us are also going through the same situation; we know the persecution against those who defend certain ideas. But we will not stop fighting nor be distracted in the slightest from our objective.”  They also pay tribute to deceased French far-right leader Jean-Marie Le Pen, who was prosecuted for hate speech, antisemitism and inciting violence. “In España 2000 we maintained a good relationship with him before his daughter ousted him and turned the FN into a neoliberal and Zionist party,” they wrote on X/Twitter. The group has attacked politicians who met with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu or who use Jewish symbols, including Javier Milei and Geert Wilders. Regarding accusations of hate crimes and xenophobia, they claim on their website that these come from the “Sorosian Zionist Sect Lobby, which seeks to silence dissenters.”

In their posts, they frequently refer to a “migrant invasion,” stating: “They want us to believe that the ‘Great Replacement’ of the European population is a far-right conspiracy theory.” They add: “Defending your identity against the ethnic and cultural genocide suffered by Spaniards and Europeans is not racism or xenophobia — it is survival and love for your people. Defend diversity, reject multiculturalism and miscegenation.” Their social media often features videos of crimes allegedly committed by non-white individuals and promotes the slogan “European lives Matter,” a take on the American white supremacist slogan, “White Lives Matter.”

An article on the group’s website about Chueca, an LGBTQ+-friendly neighborhood in Madrid, includes homophobic remarks about monkeypox, describing it as a “public health problem” caused by “perverse sodomitic practices.” The piece likened the outbreak to AIDS in the 1980s. David Usero Caballer, the party’s social media coordinator, manages the website and is responsible for its content. For this material, he was sentenced to two years and eight months in prison for a hate crime, along with a €3,000 fine. The court emphasized that publishing such content on a political party’s platform “carries greater weight than if it had come from a private individual.” 

Facta España (Spanish Facts) registered as an official Spanish association in 2021, is a far-right group that promotes anti-immigrant and antisemitic narratives. Facta regularly publishes content praising the Franco dictatorship, questions the Spanish Constitution, and spreads conspiracy theories such as the white supremacist “Great Replacement.” One of the group’s social media posts reads: “Nothing good ever comes from Africa.” Facta España’s spokesperson and leader, Carlos San Frutos, was a candidate for the far-right party Democracia Nacional in 2008 and 2009. 

Facta is known for members who practice martial arts, making them somewhat similar to neo-Nazi Active Clubs that focus on physical fitness and MMA training. In images shared on their social media accounts, very young individuals can be seen participating in fighting techniques. The group believes that “aesthetics are the result of turning thought into action,” referring to the idea that images of hyper-masculine activities promote its preferred ideal. Another of their slogans is “fascism is joy.” 

This organization opposes the Spanish Constitution, using slogans such as “Spain is a nation, not a constitution.” San Frutos reinforces this by stating that “the Constitution is very much alive, and that is the great problem for Spaniards.” In a tweet that included veiled praise of Franco’s dictatorship, he wrote: “‘Saving’ [the Constitution] which took us from a prosperous and healthy Spain and led us to one without sovereignty or national spirit has a name: TREASON.” They claim on their social media that “Franco built an unforgettable legacy for Spanish workers,” highlighting his role in the construction of “universities and schools, hospitals, churches, entire housing developments, and industry.” They also assert that “Francoism provided Spanish workers with job security unlike anything seen before — or since — in Spain.” They conclude with: “His legacy is history! Thank you for everything!”.

Facta’s leader made a racist remark during an interview about the 2023 riots outside the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE) headquarters, in which he justified the protesters’ behavior by pointing out that no shops were attacked, although containers were set on fire. San Frutos added: “The Lakers win the NBA? In the end, it’s always the Black guy looting stores.” He has retweeted homophobic comments, including one that links the LGBTQ+ community to pedophilia and another that mocks trans women, referring to them as “men with breasts.”

San Frutos has made racist and xenophobic statements about migrants: “Hardworking and honest immigrants have come to Spain, but you know what happens? They go to a ghetto and surround themselves with people like them, and you can’t take their way of being out of their blood.” He went on to claim that in immigrant communities, “their kids stick together, and what does that create? Gangs,” because “the memory in their blood ultimately shows through.” 

Facta promotes the white supremacist “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory through social media campaigns that portray emergency fire extinguishers, but instead of a fire extinguisher, they show a can of pepper spray labeled with slogans like: “Use in case of an attack by a ‘disturbed individual’ who doesn’t eat ham.” These images are shared on X, reading “Use in case of Emergency! Faced with the invasion of undocumented men of military age allowed in by the government: defend yourself.” Other slogans on the fake emergency box include: “Use in case of attack by jovenlandeses [a far-right term used to refer to migrant youth].”

They further promoted their racist and anti-Muslim rhetoric in a tweet responding to news about the expulsion of two imams for spreading radical messages: “It’s not enough to deport them, there shouldn’t be a single mosque on European soil. In the face of this invasion, let’s defend Europe’s Christian roots.” In another instance, Facta targeted a female panelist on a television show, posting a tweet that read: “Deport the pancha [a xenophobic slur commonly directed at Latino people].” They also endorse the far-right concept of remigration, which proposes the ethnic cleansing of non-white immigrants from Europe. 

Other anti-immigrant posts from the group include sharing and adding racist comments to headlines: “Man hospitalized in serious condition in Valencia with rabies contracted in Ethiopia from a dog bite.” To this, Facta replied: “Nothing good ever comes from Africa.” In reaction to another headline — “Afghan man arrested after stabbing another man and a child to death in a park in Aschaffenburg” — they added statements including, “They come, rape your wife, take away your safety, and stab your children.”

Facta pays tribute to the Blue Division, Spanish troops sent by Franco to support the Nazi Army against the Soviet Union. They have organized tributes and celebrated on their social media that “the heroism of the Blue Division was marked in the history of the Eastern Front.” “Honor to those who fought there,” they state on their X profile. Prominent antisemite Isabel Medina Peralta has taken part in their activities. In April 2025, she was sentenced by the Provincial Court of Madrid to one year in prison for hate speech against immigrants. Peralta was the leader of the now dissolved neo-Nazi Bastion Frontal. She was also reported by the Public Prosecutor’s Office for delivering antisemitic remarks at an event she organized in 2021. Facta invited her to speak to them about art. 

San Frutos retweets messages that question the Holocaust and include quotes attributed to Hitler. He posts tweets from his account trivializing the extermination of Jews during World War II, replacing the word “Jews” with “pizzas” to avoid being banned on the platform. Journalists such as Spanish reporter Antonio Maestre, who have tracked his activity, have shared photos on social media of San Frutos wearing a T-shirt with the slogan “AHTR,” which may stand in Spanish for “Adolf Hitler Was Right.” The party plays on the same initials by posting statements like “AHT…” when claiming that Israel is not an “ally” of Spain, but rather “a declared enemy acting against Spanish interests.”

Falange Española de las JONS, the latter standing for Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (National Syndicalist Offensive Councils), is a far-right political party in Spain that presents itself as a successor to the fascist-inspired movement founded by former dictator Francisco Franco ally José Antonio Primo de Rivera in the 1930s. The party has been officially registered since 1974. After years of dispute over the use of the Falange name, FE de las JONS and La Falange have run together in several recent elections. In the 2023 general elections, they did so under the banner Falange Española de las JONS. On October 29, 2024, the anniversary of the founding of Falange Española, the leaders of La Falange, Manuel Andrino Lobo, and of Falange Española de las JONS, Norberto Pico Sanabria, announced the merger of both groups under the name Falange Española de las JONS. 

Although Falange Española de las JONS was registered as a political party under the democratic regime in 1974, the organization claims its foundation dates to 1934. According to the party’s own website, it “ceased to exist as an independent political organization on April 19, 1937, following the well-known Unification Decree,” which established the sole political organization of the dictatorship: Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS. After the dictatorship, its first national leader was Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta, who was a member of Franco’s government.

The party advocates for a Catholic state and explicitly rejects liberal democracy, which it accuses of serving private interests. Its 2023 electoral platform promoted nationalist policies centered on Spanish identity. FE de las JONS portrays immigration as a threat to national security and cultural identity, supports a nationality policy based on jus sanguinis (right of blood) that would only allow citizenship for descendants whose families had been Spanish for at least three generations, and demands the repatriation of foreigners without work contracts. The party promotes the concept of “remigration,” associating migrants—particularly unaccompanied minors—with crime. Remigration proposes the ethnic cleansing of non-white immigrants from Europe. Its youth wing has led xenophobic demonstrations where attendees employed fascist salutes and anti-LGBTQ+ slurs. FE de las JONS opposes women’s and LGBTQ+ rights, rejects same-sex marriage, mocks trans identities, and calls for the repeal of laws on gender equality, abortion, and euthanasia. It also demands the defunding of LGBTQ+ organizations as well as associations promoting historical memory, meaning those that promote an accurate accounting of the Franco era, which it labels as sectarian and partisan.

In their most recent electoral platform, shared alongside La Falange ahead of the 2023 Spanish general elections, the party expressed its rejection of “liberal party democracy, which blatantly deceives the people in favor of purely private interests that are disconnected from Spain’s national interest.” Their political manifesto states: “We advocate for a Catholic confessional state, in defense of the true faith of the Church, which also represents the very essence of our nation’s birth and historical development.” On social media, they argue that “in contrast to globalist agendas serving international financial powers, we aim to place the interests of Spaniards at the center of political action.” They view immigration as “one of the main problems afflicting Spain and the European continent.” Immigration is “an economic and cultural factor used to lower workers’ labor conditions for the benefit of major plutocrats, as well as a movement aimed at destroying our culture, identity, and distinctly Christian roots.” Additionally, they advocate for the repatriation of all foreign nationals—whether legally or illegally residing in Spain—who do not have a work contract.” They also call for a halt “to the opening of new reception centers” for unaccompanied foreign minors, associating them with crime and pushing for the “immediate expulsion of these criminals to their countries of origin.” On their social media, the party promotes the concept of remigration, a term popularized by the Austrian de facto leader of the white nationalist Identitarian movement and former neo-Nazi, Martin Sellner. It proposes the ethnic cleansing of non-white immigrants from Europe.

The party’s youth wing organized a demonstration in Madrid on May 23, 2025, where participants gathered under a banner with the slogan, “Remigration. For safe neighborhoods.” In 2023, Falange Española de las JONS took part in far-right riots outside the headquarters of the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE) in Madrid. These protests were triggered by the Amnesty Law passed by the Spanish government, which aimed to pardon leaders and participants involved in the Catalan independence movement (“procés”) from 2012 to 2023. During these demonstrations, protesters shouted xenophobic and homophobic slurs such as “No to Moors,” “Marlaska, fa***t!”—targeting Interior Minister Fernando Grande-Marlaska, who is openly gay—and insults against the Prime Minister like “Pedro Sánchez, son of a bitch.” Some demonstrators held up inflatable sex dolls while chanting “These are the PSOE ministers.” Other chants during the protest included “Spain, Christian and not Muslim,” and “It’s not immigration, it’s an invasion,” reinforcing a xenophobic narrative. Media outlets covering the event recorded attendees performing the fascist salute. On social media, unaccompanied migrant minors are derogatorily referred to as “broccoli hair.”

The party also opposes women’s and LGTBQ+ rights. Their political program affirms: “As Falangists, we support the only existing family: the natural one, consisting of a father and a mother.” They explicitly oppose same-sex marriage and reject “all LGTBI and feminist ideological currents that openly question the nature of the human being and the institution of the family.” Consequently, they call for the repeal of “all laws recognizing these ‘collectives,’” including the Gender Violence Law, as well as legislation on abortion and euthanasia. On social media, they mock trans identities. They refer to LGBTQ+ organizations as “LGTB mafias” and call for the “immediate cessation of all subsidies” to these groups, as well as to entities that promote what they describe as the “so-called ‘historical memory”—a reference to efforts to honor victims of Francoist repression in Spain. 

The party pays tribute to Onésimo Redondo Ortega, a lawyer and founder of the JONS (Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista) who promoted antisemitism. According to researcher Matteo Tomasoni, Redondo “worked to shape a much broader antisemitism, which he claimed was linked to global economic control.” El Debate also reports that the Falangist leader “published proclamations against Marxism, Jews, and bourgeois capitalism, expressing admiration for European fascist regimes.” Tomasoni explains that Redondo believed “the conspiracy against Spain was led by an economic hierarchy headed by Judeo-Masonic elements closely tied to international Bolshevism.” In Redondo’s own words, “it was as if international Jewry had leased, at usurious prices, the land of their enemies in order to torment it with Bolshevik experiments.” Falange de las JONS also pays tribute to the División Azul (Blue Division), Spanish troops sent by Franco to support the Nazi Army against the Soviet Union. “Honor to the heroes of the Blue Division,” the head of the party posted on social media in 2019.

The Francisco Franco National Foundation (FNFF) was established in 1976, a year after the dictator’s death, with the aim of preserving and glorifying his legacy. For decades, the foundation has promoted a revisionist view of Franco’s dictatorship, denying its crimes and portraying his regime as a period of stability and positive developments for Spain. The foundation organizes tributes to Franco, such as commemorative masses and conferences on his “work and legacy.” It also manages an archive containing thousands of documents related to the dictatorship, some of which have been digitized using public funds. 

Franco’s great-grandson and president of the foundation, Luis Alfonso de Borbón y Martínez-Bordiú, is a Franco fan, having participated in a Francoist exaltation event at the Valley of the Fallen in July 2018, where his great-grandfather was then buried. Journalists covering the event reported that some attendees performed fascist salutes. The foundation glorifies the 1936 coup d’état and disparages Spanish democracy. It has published texts that question Francoist repression, mock the regime’s victims, and attack the Democratic Memory Law. Additionally, it promotes antifeminist, xenophobic, and anti-LGBTQ+ rhetoric, accusing democracy of fostering “moral decay.” In 2022, the Spanish government initiated proceedings to dissolve the foundation, arguing that it violates the Democratic Memory Law by glorifying the dictatorship and promoting contempt for its victims.

On its website, the foundation reproduces excerpts from Franco’s speeches. In one of them, Franco claims that his “regime is not a dictatorship.” “Franco was an exemplary Catholic, and his vision of the world was that of a traditionalist conservative,” says the foundation in a statement published on its website, where it also assures that the dictator “led Spain to the highest levels of peace, reconciliation and development in its history.”  “We lived better under Franco!” reads another article published by the foundation, which claims that the “1940-1975 period,” coinciding with Franco’s regime, “earned top marks in economy and social welfare, while democracy has received a dismal failure.” Among the negative aspects they attribute to the democratic era, they highlight that “drugs, corruption, trash TV, public exhibitionism of gays, abortions, euthanasia, divorces, blasphemies, etc., were yet to be known and, of course, were outlawed.”

This organization, which seeks to rewrite history, goes so far as to question the repression suffered by anti-Franco activists and other minorities in Spain during the Franco regime. Its executive president states in an article published on the organization’s website that “it would be tedious to now refute the so-called ‘Francoist repression,’ something as false as it has been thoroughly proven to be untrue by numerous historians.” They also question the number of Francoist victims buried in mass graves, whose families, decades after their deaths, still do not know where their remains lie. The foundation published on its website an article by Pío Moa, a Francoist revisionist historian, which disrespects these victims: “The crooks subsidized by the ‘historical memory’, want to live off the story and the treasury for the rest of their lives. They talk about the fact that they are missing more than 100,000 ‘disappeared’ to be unearthed and identified. They are those of the 20,000 political prisoners in forced labor in the Valley of the Fallen, those of the ‘massacre of the ravine of Órgiva’, etc.”

On its website, Francoist propaganda can be found, including pamphlets featuring Franco’s face celebrating July 18, the anniversary of his 1936 coup d’état. Their social media accounts also contain posts commemorating this date, including one showing a group of children performing the fascist salute. Others feature the Francoist slogan “Arriba España” (Long Live Spain) and symbols of the dictatorship, such as the Francoist coat of arms, which predates the Spanish Constitution and violates the historical memory laws enacted in Spain. 

The foundation’s website contains criticism of the LGBTQ+ Pride celebrations. “The profuse demonstration held last weekend in Madrid for Gay Pride Day (¿?), but especially the submission of the political class and a large part of society to such an outrageous display, is the unequivocal proof of our decadence,” reads an article published on their website. They have also published material referring to homosexuality as the “gay underworld.” “And since we are also entering this sad ‘gay’ realm, if half a century ago we had been told that this troupe (collective…) would wield such absolute power in society, we wouldn’t have believed it. Their votes sustain political parties that coddle them because the ‘gay’ underworld means votes, and it has now become a business—even in tourism, hospitality, and fashion.” An article titled “Abortion as a Social Achievement,” published in a 2013 magazine that has been digitized and is available on their website, refers to abortion as a “crime” and argues that “just as with the legalization of perverse fa***t aberrations, Nature makes us pay the price.” Furthermore, its author claims that “society becomes corrupted, demographics plummet without the foundation of the family—absurdly labeled as ‘traditional’ (is there any other kind?), and the Islamic invasion finds no barriers to imposing itself on a corrupt Western society…”

Another article by Eduardo García Serrano—a far-right journalist and well-known Falangist— refers to an “invasion” of young Moroccans entering Spain through Ceuta. “The invasion happens every day, and its daily occurrence makes it imperceptible.” 

Frente Obrero (Workers Front) was officially registered as a political party in 2019. On its website, it defines itself as “a patriotic and revolutionary movement that fights for the workers and for Spain.” In its first national election—the 2023 general election—the party, led by former Marxist-Leninist Roberto Vaquero, received 46,000 votes. The group promotes xenophobia, portraying immigrants as a threat to Spain and warning that the country risks becoming “a multicultural dumping ground.” It argues that “a country that does not control immigration and the assimilation of immigrants is doomed to disappear,” explicitly linking the Muslim religion to terrorism and calling for measures to prevent the “Islamization” of Spain. In addition, the party attacks trans rights, feminism, and LGBTQ+ celebrations, demanding that these perspectives be removed from schools, the media, and public spaces. 

Frente Obrero is commonly perceived in the Spanish collective imagination as a left-wing party. However, its leader, Roberto Vaquero, offers a different explanation. “Frente Obrero is not a communist party; most of the people in it are not communists, but I am,” he stated in a 2024 interview, where he also emphasized that the party’s political program is based on “revolutionary patriotism.” Mixing far right and left-wing ideas, the party’s president opposes so-called “woke” ideology, stating that he considers himself “a patriot” who “stands for class struggle.”

On social media, the group echoes these arguments, insisting that Spain should not have to “put up with being turned into a dumping ground for crime.” They promote a policy widely embraced by the racist Identitarian far right: “Remigration now,” which proposes the ethnic cleansing of non-white immigrants from Europe. They also oppose the Spanish government’s initiative to regularize thousands of undocumented immigrants. “With this kind of measure, the government is perpetuating the degradation of the country,” the party stated on social media in May 2025.

In line with its anti-immigrant rhetoric, Frente Obrero claimed in a tweet that data from two public statistical agencies “show that by 2044, we will already be a minority in our own country. It’s time to put a stop to this.” Reinforcing this narrative, they claim, on one hand, that “our culture is being replaced by the dominant culture, the one imported from the United States. We are being invaded by their criminal propaganda through social media, television, Netflix, cinema, etc.” On the other hand, they assert that “in our society,” “separate zones are being established” where “cultures such as Islam are imposed, in marginal ghettos.” 

Frente Obrero’s leader tries to link immigration with crime on his social media accounts, often sharing reports of incidents allegedly involving people who are not of Spanish origin. The party claims to have organized neighborhood patrols to combat what they describe as rising crime in certain areas. “They’ve accused the patrols of being racist and fascist. There are no far-right symbols here, just working people,” said a Frente Obrero member in a quote that Vaquero shared on his social media.

They focus their rhetoric on the Muslim population, as explicitly stated in their political platform: “Unapologetically, against Islamization.” They complain that there are “more than two and a half million Muslims” in Spain and link religion with terrorism. “In many European countries, there are areas where Islamic law has been established outside the authority of the State. Spain is not a Muslim country and must not become one. Measures must be taken against the Islamization of society,” they state. They go on to add that their party opposes “restrictions on freedoms, religious impositions, forced marriages, honor crimes, mandatory dress codes and other prohibitive practices against women, and, of course, jihadist attacks. No to Islamization. If they want to live in an Islamist country, they should go back to their country of origin.”

In 2025, Frente Obrero launched a campaign “against the Islamization of Spain,” under the slogan “For our culture and identity.” The initiative coincided with May 15, the feast of San Isidro, the patron saint of Madrid. On social media, they shared this message along with a video in which a man claimed that citizens of Madrid “see, year after year, how our culture, festivities, and traditions are being replaced by foreign ones, with the approval of those who govern us.” “At Frente Obrero, we know that if we don’t act to stop this cultural replacement, chulapas [traditional female figures associated with Madrid’s popular festivals] will end up wearing hijabs,” the video states. 

Frente Obrero also openly adopts anti-LGBTQ+ and antifeminist stances. They describe what they refer to as “hegemonic feminism” and the “LGBT lobby” as “a systemic phenomenon that has nothing to do with progress. They indoctrinate children in schools and pervert our society.” They refer to trans identities as “transgenderism and the degeneration of feminism,” demanding that these perspectives “be expelled from schools, the media, and public spaces.” 

Hacer Nación (Nation-Building) is a far-right political party founded in November 2020. The group describes itself as a merger of various associations aiming to build a “fully sovereign nation” where “the social rights of Spaniards” are defended and the economy is governed by social rather than liberal principles. In the 2023 local elections, it obtained two council seats in Velilla de San Antonio (Madrid suburb). Some of the party’s initial members were part of España 2000. The group is headed by Secretary General Mario Martos, and its national spokesman is Carlos Navarro Valdelviria.

Hacer Nación promotes anti-immigrant, white nationalist, and anti-Muslim narratives. Its leadership has made repeated calls for “remigration,” a call for ethnic cleansing of non-white immigrants devised by Austrian racist and Identitarian Martin Sellner and has amplified the white supremacist “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory. The group has organized conferences with prominent European far-right figures, including Sellner, Portuguese Reconquista founder Afonso Gonçalves, Hungarian Mi Hazánk representative Fiszter Zsuzsana, and German activist Reinhild Boßdorf.

Hacer Nación promotes the idea that Spain is being “Islamized,” hence the need for remigration to remove Muslims from the country. In 2024, the group posted on X: “Islamization is advancing in Spain and won’t stop until their faith dominates. Their population continues to grow, and the conquest continues. They feel stronger than ever, shielded by the political class. No hijabs or halal in schools. NO TO ISLAMIZATION!” This message was displayed on a banner unfurled by several members of the organization outside a mosque that same year. “Islamism, with the connivance of Western governments, has taken Syria. All those ‘refugees’ who have brought Islamization and lack of coexistence to our streets, will they now return to their Islamist paradise, or was it just an excuse to invade Europe?” reads a message posted on X in December 2024 accompanied by an image with the words: “Welcome Islamists. Will they return to their land now, or was it just an excuse to invade ours? Their next target: Europe.” They also associate migration with crime. A tweet from Hacer Nación reads: “In light of the increasing insecurity women face in Spain, caused by progressive policies that promote the invasion and Islamization of our land, today more than ever, OUR FIRST RIGHT 🛡️ SECURITY.” 

This organization promotes the Great Replacement conspiracy theory, stating: “The migrant invasion and the ongoing precariousness enforced by the political class and economic elites are the causes of demographic replacement that threaten the survival of our nation.” They also endorse the slogan “European Lives Matter,” a play on the American slogan “White Lives Matter,” featured in a post that included images of three young people allegedly murdered in the British town of Southport. Hacer Nación has expressed support for pro-Russian far-right populist Călin Georgescu, who won the first round of Romania’s elections in December 2024, a vote later annulled by the Constitutional Court due to accusations of Russian interference. “The coup must be stopped so that the Romanian people can reclaim their freedom and sovereignty,” the group declared. 

They are critical of other far-right politicians and members of the People’s Party (PP), such as Vox leader Santiago Abascal and Isabel Díaz Ayuso, the leader of the PP in Madrid, accusing them of being submissive to Zionism. One of their members, Sandro Algaba, who led the group in the municipality of San Fernando de Henares, voiced his opposition to abortion on his social media, stating: “ABORTION is genocide and a permitted crime.” The Rosa Luxemburg Foundation’s 2020 study on the extra-parliamentary far right mentions that Algaba gave a lecture in Italy alongside Luca Marsella, a councilor and member of the neo-Nazi CasaPound, titled “The Politics of the Fighter.”

La Falange is a far-right political party in Spain founded in 1999, which presents itself as the heir to the nacionalsindicalista (National-Syndicalist) movement led by former dictator Francisco Franco’s fascist ally José Antonio Primo de Rivera in the 1930s. Although established in a democratic context, the party explicitly rejects liberal democracy, which it accuses of serving private interests. It advocates for a Catholic state. After years of disputes over the use of the “Falange” name, recently it has run candidates in elections alongside Falange Española de las JONS (FE de las JONS). In October 2024, the two parties announced their merger under the name FE de las JONS. La Falange has maintained a more radical profile, publishing antisemitic and Holocaust denial content on its website. 

Through its electoral platform and public discourse, the party promotes openly xenophobic, anti-feminist, homophobic, and antisemitic views. It portrays immigration as an “invasion” threatening national identity and proposes measures such as repatriating foreigners without work contracts, closing migrant reception centers, and implementing a nationality policy based on jus sanguinis (right of blood).“We are experiencing an unprecedented invasion,” reads one of Andrino’s posts on X. La Falange advocates for “remigration,” echoing rhetoric used by the Identitarian far right in Europe that calls for ethnically cleansing the continent of non-white immigrants. Its leaders and members have been involved in violent actions, including the 2013 assault on the Blanquerna cultural center, and have participated in demonstrations where fascist salutes and homophobic chants are common. The party calls for the repeal of laws protecting women’s and LGBTQ+ rights, opposes same-sex marriage and trans rights, and demands the defunding of LGBTQ+ organizations and historical memory initiatives, which it labels as partisan and sectarian.

“We consider this Constitution to be garbage, from its preamble to its final article,” declared the group’s leader, Manuel Andrino, during a 2014 rally held in tribute to Primo de Rivera. He also stated that “democracy is an evil that encourages death, looting, unnatural behavior such as homosexuality, and the desecration of the memory of our fallen.”

Andrino was sentenced to nearly three years in prison for his role in an assault during a political event. In 2013, Andrino and other far-right activists stormed the Blanquerna Cultural Center in Madrid to disrupt a celebration of Catalonia’s national day, La Diada, organized by the Catalan government. The group entered the venue waving Spanish and far-right flags, shouting slogans such as “Catalonia is Spain,” physically assaulting attendees, releasing irritant gas, and removing the Catalan flag from the stage. Prior to this conviction, Andrino already had a criminal record for defrauding an elderly woman with cognitive impairments into signing over ownership of her home. His legal history is extensive: he has been investigated for hate crimes, made a public call to “kill for Spain” at a demonstration to stop Catalonia’s independence process, and was photographed groping a Femen activist who was protesting at a Falange rally marking the anniversary of Franco and Primo de Rivera’s deaths. The party has also organized events where attendees perform the fascist salute while singing the Francoist anthem Cara al Sol. In another incident, in 2015, police found Andrino in possession of a pistol, which he held illegally.

La Falange’s website contains antisemitic rhetoric and Holocaust denial content. One article features a review by Pedro Varela, owner of the neo-Nazi bookstore Europa, who in 2024 was sentenced to one and a half years in prison for inciting hatred through the dissemination and sale of Nazi propaganda that denied the Holocaust. In the article, Varela claims that a new “investigation” proves that “it is now more than evident that Auschwitz was a labor camp and not, as has been claimed, an ‘extermination camp.’” He argues that “the main goal was to keep the inmates fit and available for work in the armaments or strategic industries located there.” 

Another article, which reviews a book and references Varela’s bookstore, refers to a “Judaizing oligarchy.” One of the contributors to La Falange’s website, Carlos Rodríguez—the national leader of a trade union linked to the party—writes: “The Jews who were murdered were victims not only of the National Socialists but also of the Zionists (Soros took over the Jews). To give you an idea, Zionism is to the Jewish religion what Freemasonry is to Catholicism—but that’s another story.” The party’s website also promotes a lecture titled “The Judeo-Masonic Conspiracy and Cultural Marxism.”

In the 2023 local elections, the party nominated Carlos García Juliá as their mayoral candidate for Bilbao. García Juliá is a far-right extremist who, along with two others, murdered four progressive lawyers in 1977—a crime that shocked Spain during its transition to democracy. He spent decades as a fugitive from justice. In the end, his candidacy was not officially registered. 

Núcleo Nacional was registered as an official Spanish association in August 2024, but its origins can be traced back to the far-right protests held in late 2023 against the Amnesty Law for Catalan separatists. The group reportedly has around 300 members, according to its leader who is not publicly identified. The group advocates for white nationalism, antisemitism, anti-LGBTQ+ positions, hatred towards the immigrant community, and conspiracy theories such as the racist “Great Replacement.” The organization claims to follow in the footsteps of other “national movements” present in various European countries. “We defend our nation, our culture, and our race,” the group states. The group’s leader openly describes himself as a “National Socialist” and denies the Holocaust. 

Núcleo Nacional speaks of a “European genocide” and posts online the slogan “White Lives Matter.” “Racial substitution is not a conspiracy,” they argue in a tweet where they complain that “out of the 25 football players representing” France in the Eurocup, “only 5 are French; the rest are African.” “The Globalist Elites are bringing in real savages with an IQ of 20. Every raped girl, every abused woman, and every destroyed family is the fault of the media and politicians who protect them. We must expel them all,” they state in a tweet, accompanied by a video in which a journalist interviews two alleged African rapists living in South Africa. The posts also include explicit calls for mass deportation and racial purity, with slogans like “We defend our nation, our culture, and our race” and “We are being ethnically replaced.”

The organization has shared transphobic content, ridiculing LGBTQ+ individuals. Members also tried to cancel a performance by trans artist Samantha Hudson, celebrating their actions on their X account by claiming that their supporters had “made a man with a wig dance.” One of their most publicly known spokespeople, who goes by “Una Rana Baneada” (A Banned Frog) on X, celebrated the actions of their organization with the following message: “Our guys from Núcleo Nacional fighting AIDS.” In another tweet, he mocks another trans person, calling her a “transformer.” 

The leader of the organization claims that “homosexuals” have suffered from “a biological disorder” and insists that this sexual orientation “is not natural.” He made these statements in an interview with right-wing agitator Cake Minuesa, published on Minuesa’s YouTube channel. “When it comes to homosexuality, if we refer to studies, we would say it’s a condition determined biologically. The mother may experience a disorder during gestation,” stated “Una rana baneada,” explicitly citing the book Race and Reality by David Duke, former leader of an American branch of the Ku Klux Klan. 

Núcleo Nacional also praises defenders of Francoism and Nazism. Its members question the conviction of Pedro Varela, owner of the neo-Nazi bookstore Europa, who was sentenced in 2024 to a year and a half in prison for inciting hatred by spreading and selling Nazi ideology material that denied the Holocaust. The organization spread a post on X with the slogan “Free Pedro Varela.” On their Telegram channel, they also call for the “freedom” of Isabel Peralta, who has a long history of convictions for hate speech. Peralta was the leader of the now dissolved neo-Nazi Bastion Frontal. 

“Una Rana Baneada” praises the Nazi regime on X and denies the Holocaust. “I heard it in many movies directed by Jews about what the Nazis supposedly did. However, that word does not appear in a single official document of Nazi Germany, nor is there solid evidence that such extermination took place,” he explains on his X account. “We deny that historical event,” he said about the Holocaust during an interview with Cake Minuesa. They also celebrate the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492, with an image depicting “Moors” and “Jews,” and the caption “expel them all.” “The Catholic Monarchs expelled them because they prioritized national interests, as any patriot should,” they posted on X. Additionally, in one of their videos, another spokesperson states that “the Zionist elites are destroying us.” 

The organization emerged during the far-right riots that took place in November and December 2023 in front of the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE) headquarters in Madrid. In November 2024, they organized a demonstration in Madrid that gathered around 2,000 people, according to media reports. Protesters threw objects at police, burned dumpsters, and some attendees carried Francoist flags, chanted “Hitler, Hitler, Hitler,” and sang the Francoist anthem Cara al Sol. Other slogans heard at the protest included, “Whoever doesn’t jump is a fucking commie!,” “More borders, fewer unaccompanied migrant minors,” “Here are the nationalists,” and “Spain: Christian, not Muslim.” Members of the neo-Nazi group Skin Moncloa joined the organization’s protests. In May 2024, three members of Núcleo Nacional—one of them a minor—were arrested by the National Police after attacking a pro-Palestinian encampment at the Complutense University of Madrid. They destroyed posters, carried sticks, and shouted threats and, somewhat inexplicably, antisemitic slurs.

One of their known collaborators—although his exact role in the organization is unclear—is Alberto Gonzalo de Juan, leader of the far-right music group Pugilato. He was previously sentenced to one year in prison for a hate crime involving “supremacist expressions of contempt against individuals from certain groups.” Gonzalo de Juan bragged on social media about slapping a comedian in the face during one of his performances. He justified the assault by claiming the comedian had replied to one of his tweets by saying that “nothing and no one can prevent the possibility that” his son “might be gay and grow up loving to suck off a Black working-class man.” On his social media profiles, he describes himself as a “persecuted and censored NS [National Socialist] activist.”

In April 2025, Spain’s Civil Guard announced an investigation into the group after it posted a video on X—the original post has since been deleted, though the video is still available—calling on associations and organizations to take “active defense” of the streets and to “join the struggle against the invasion.” In the video, members of the group appear in their signature style: wearing black balaclavas or black T-shirts bearing the group’s logo. The spokesperson ends the video by shouting “Arriba España” (“Long Live Spain”)—a Francoist slogan—and “Arriba Europa,” raising his arm in a fascist salute.

On June 7, 2025, Núcleo Nacional called for a rally outside a reception center for unaccompanied foreign minors in Madrid. The government banned the demonstration, citing the need to “protect public safety and the fundamental rights of the minors.” Since they were unable to protest at the original location, the organizers held the gathering instead in a square in central Madrid. This organization expresses sympathy for and maintains ties with other international far-right groups, such as Comité du 9-Mai (France), Légió Hungária (Hungary), Athens Autonomous (Greece), Junge Nationalisten (Germany), Nucleo Social (Argentina), and the Bulgarian National Union (Bulgaria).

Partido Feminista (Feminist Party) defines itself as a “Marxist-feminist” organization and was legalized as a political party in 1981. It was part of the progressive political party Izquierda Unida (Leftists United) —which holds seats in the Spanish Congress– until 2020, when Partido Feminista was expelled due to its opposition to trans rights legislation. Its founder and president, Lidia Falcón, was an anti-Francoist activist and lawyer. After breaking with Izquierda Unida, the party began participating in events organized by anti-LGBTQ+ and anti-women’s rights groups, including HazteOir. In 2021, Falcón took part in a roundtable discussion titled “If You’re Born a Girl, You’ll Stay One,” alongside a former Vox MP. 

“Trans people have been campaigning for pedophilia for a long time,” claimed Falcón in a 2020 interview. The party leader denies the identity of trans women, referring to them using male pronouns, stating that they are “strange beings” and “not women.” In an interview with the outlet Nueva Revolución, she even asserted that “the homosexual movement has been campaigning for pedophilia for sixty years.” “We have thirty-two documents that we’ve submitted to the Hate Crimes Prosecutor’s Office, showing what they write, what they spread, the narratives they tell, and how they defend child sexuality,” she added.

In her media appearances, Falcón argues that “women are born, not made” and goes as far as accusing “trans” people —speaking in general terms— of “campaigning for pedophilia for some time now.” She also opposes the trans law passed in Spain in 2023, which allows transgender individuals to legally change their gender without medical requirements. Falcón claims that “now transsexuals are seeking a series of privileges that those of us who are not trans do not enjoy.” She adds: “You can dress up as whatever you like —a form of entertainment practiced by homosexuals since before Jesus Christ— and I won’t oppose it, as long as it doesn’t mean forcing others to grant you rights that offend women, such as using their public healthcare services.” 

Falcón also leads a crusade against childhood transgender identities. In an opinion article, she claims that the approval of the trans law “will make it possible for 8-year-old children to change their registered sex in the Civil Registry, and later endure the endless ordeal of hormone treatments or blockers, surgeries and mutilations, turning what were once healthy boys or girls into chronically ill patients.” She adds: “Then come all the intrusions into the female world by males who get the idea of wanting to become women.” In 2019 when an 8-year-old trans girl spoke before the Extremadura regional parliament to share her story, Falcón referred to the child in a media interview as “a boy paraded in the Extremadura parliament dressed up as a girl.” 

Falcón expresses concern over what she calls the “erasure of women.” In line with trans-exclusionary feminist discourse, she argues that the trans law “would also affect gender quotas, as they are bringing in these so-called trans people and taking away positions meant for women in corporate boards, universities, public competitions, and political parties.”

Revuelta is a Spanish far-right youth movement founded in September 2023, which presents itself as “a united Spanish patriotic movement.” “We embrace our Spanish identity, along with its ties to the Hispanic world and Europe. We reject wokeism and globalism—with their individualism, progressive impositions, and omnipresent market forces—as well as Marxism, which seeks to erase all differences and unique traits in the name of a so-called ‘equality’ that kills the vitality and uniqueness of nations,” the organization states in its founding manifesto. Revuelta posted its first tweet in September 2023. In October 2023, its spokesperson, César Pintado, spoke at a rally organized by the DENAES Foundation, an organization that laid the groundwork for the far-right party Vox. 

The group maintains strong ties to the far-right political party Vox, with many of its most prominent members either working for or affiliated with the party. Pablo González Gasca served as Digital Marketing Manager for Vox, according to his LinkedIn profile before he deleted it. Jaime Hernández de Zúñiga works in Vox’s communications department, as shown on his LinkedIn profile, and was on the party’s candidate list for the 2021 regional elections. Juan Kohlbach Rosón likewise is on Vox’s communications team, per his LinkedIn. Elsa Almeda is active in the party’s branch in Sant Cugat del Vallès (Barcelona). Lastly, César Pintado oversees ʜᴇʀQʟᴇs, a pseudo‑news outlet closely aligned with Vox that disseminates the party’s campaigns. In late 2023, Vox promoted Revuelta, which is seen by some media as the party’s covert youth wing.

Despite being recently established, Revuelta has quickly become one of the most active organizations within Spain’s far-right landscape. It gained visibility during the November and December 2023 riots outside the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE) headquarters in Madrid, which also drew international far-right figures, including American commentator Tucker Carlson. 

Revuelta promotes the white supremacist “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory, especially targeting Arab and Maghrebi communities, and calls for large-scale repatriation. It also pushes xenophobic campaigns with slogans such as “Hijabs out of Spain!” In a video shared on the group’s Instagram account, spokesperson Elsa Almeda states: “Spanish and European women are in serious danger if we don’t stop this demographic replacement. At Revuelta, we demand not only the banning of the hijab but also the immediate remigration of everyone who comes to replace us.” The organization is anti-immigrant and uses a term commonly employed by the international far-right: “remigration,” which proposes the ethnic cleansing of the continent of non-white immigrants, with a particular focus on the Arab population. “They want to redefine Spain by surrendering to Islamism. Currently, there are 2,000 official mosques, and while one religion is being promoted, another is being neglected,” said González Gasca in an interview. He implied that while Islam is being encouraged, Christianity is being marginalized, a religion he considers “a part of all Spaniards,” and “an identity issue.” On their social media channels, they also refer to an “invasion,” highlighting alleged incidents supposedly involving unaccompanied migrant minors or individuals of Maghrebi origin.

The protests held in 2023 in front of the PSOE headquarters in Madrid lasted for several weeks. They involved multiple far-right organizations and even drew the attention of Tucker Carlson, who attended the demonstration on November 13 alongside members of Vox. He was photographed with two members of Revuelta: Nelia Aguado and Caetana Pettermann de Alós, the latter identified as a member of the far-right Portuguese Chega Juventude National Council.

Se Acabó La Fiesta (The Party’s Over, SALF) is a political group founded in 2024 and led by far-right activist “Alvise Pérez” (real name Luis Pérez Fernández), known for spreading conspiracy theories, disinformation, hate speech, and an anti-immigrant agenda. SALF burst onto the Spanish political scene in the 2024 European elections, securing its first seats with three MEPs and more than 800,000 votes.

Pérez, who previously worked with other political parties, gained notoriety by spreading hoaxes and fake news online—especially via Telegram, where he has built a community of followers of more than 670,000. He has been convicted for spreading false information during the COVID-19 pandemic and is currently under investigation for defamation, document forgery, and alleged illegal campaign financing. He has aligned himself with other far-right groups, including the anti-LGBTQ+ CitizenGO and a business closely aligned to it, Desokupa.

Pérez routinely spreads xenophobic messages, frequently linking immigration with crime. SALF supports the mass deportation of undocumented migrants and has promoted campaigns against abortion. Alongside Daniel Esteve, far-right activist and the head of Desokupa, Alvise used his social media platforms to promote street demonstrations against the former mayor of Barcelona. Both Alvise and Esteve took part in the far-right riots in Madrid in November and December 2023. These protests were sparked by the Amnesty Law passed by the Spanish government, which aimed to grant pardons to leaders and participants of the Catalan independence movement (“procés”) between 2012 and 2023. During these demonstrations, protestors shouted xenophobic and homophobic slurs such as “No to Moors,” “Marlaska, f*****!”—targeting Interior Minister Fernando Grande-Marlaska, who is openly gay. 

Pérez’s rhetoric is overtly conspiratorial and anti-establishment. After securing parliamentary representation for the first time, Pérez made his stance clear. “Spain has become a party for criminals. Spain has become a party for the corrupt, the mercenaries, the pedophiles, and the rapists—and many Spaniards suffer these consequences in silence every day,” he told supporters, presenting SALF as the only party willing to stand up to what he called the “parasitic caste—left or right—that has handed Spain over to foreign interests.” He has also promoted the false theory that the 2023 Spanish elections were rigged.

Pérez shares headlines from fringe outlets claiming crimes committed by foreigners. One example: “15-year-old girl accuses North African student of sexual assault in a Zaragoza high school bathroom.” This post on Telegram included a chat option, where his supporters left xenophobic and anti-Arab comments. In another example, he accused migrants of robbing a shop located in a mall in Los Angeles and used this video to claim: “Assaulting, robbing, beating and sexually harassing women at the Champions League final in Paris — including Spanish women — it’s a problem that follows that same ‘culture’ wherever it goes. (Video from Los Angeles). I’ll repeat the same sentence for which Spain’s National Police charged me with a hate crime: I DON’T WANT THEM HERE, EVEN FOR FREE. MASS DEPORTATIONS NOW — of all criminals, from violent robbery to any other offense, who do not respect our rules. We need a hardline response to these cowardly groups.” In the European Parliament, Pérez asked another Spanish MEP whether her anti-gender-based violence policies were “based on personally murdering the women herself by releasing those criminals,” or if her plan was instead to “regularize millions of Africans so they can do it for her.” Alvise supports the mass deportation of all undocumented migrants and also advocates for the deportation of all documented migrants who commit any kind of crime. He also refers to migration flows into Spain as “migrant invasions.”

Pushing another conspiracy theory, Pérez claims that Spain’s two main parties — the Popular Party (PP) and the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE) — use mass immigration to “inflate their voter bases” and distort what he sees as “the will of the people,” a version of the Great Replacement conspiracy theory that asserts electoral control by pro-immigrant parties as part of the plot. Before the elections, he stated that he would not move to Brussels because Belgium is, in his words, “a failed state full of Islamists, imported prostitution from human trafficking, and disgusting food. I won’t give up on the country I love: Spain.” In 2021, reinforcing his anti-Muslim rhetoric, he published a video on social media featuring a sequence of phrases such as “Rising radicalism,” “Islam expanding,” “Rapes,” and “Impunity.” The video was posted in protest after organizers of Valencia’s Fallas festival decided not to burn two figures — a mosque and a crescent moon — in order to avoid offending the Muslim community.

Alvise has also attacked Spain’s trans rights law, which allows minors aged 14 and up to change their legal gender. He falsely claimed that the law permits “genital mutilation of children aged 12 to 16 based on their ‘maturity.’” In reality, that provision only applies to intersex individuals. Still, Alvise posted: “Experts say this law will cause a surge in suicides among the operated in a few years.” He co-organized a protest against the law with the anti-LGBTQ+ organization CitizenGO. He also opposes the “LGBTQ+ community,” claiming it is “being used to push a sick dogmatic agenda.” He adds, “All our support goes to gay people who are victims of this ideological kidnapping.” 

Pérez first rose to prominence as chief of staff to former MP Toni Cantó, who was affiliated with the conservative party Ciudadanos. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Pérez became one of Spain’s most notorious disinformation disseminators, using his social media platforms to spread false claims. As part of his offensive against Covid-19 pandemic measures, he went so far as to compare the pandemic to Nazi control over Jews in 1941, as suggested by an image shared on his Telegram channel. “A government that restricts the mobility of healthy people is tyranny, pandemic or not. Those who justify it are intoxicated by the fear the government has planted in their heads. It’s as stupid as those who support mandatory masks everywhere. It’s a coronavirus, not anthrax,” he wrote alongside the image. He has been convicted for publishing hoaxes online. One such case involved false claims that former Madrid mayor Manuela Carmena—a progressive political figure—had received a personal ventilator at home while thousands of people were struggling to access medical care. The information was entirely fabricated.

Solidaridad is a far-right union founded in 2020 by Vox and led since 2025 by Jordi de la Fuente, the union’s secretary-general. Presented as an alternative to traditional unions, it defines itself as an organization that defends Spanish workers against “mass illegal immigration” and “globalism.” Its website claims it is “a national union in defense of our workers, our families, and our heritage against the dead-end of mass illegal immigration funded by our taxes.” Its primary objective is the “defense” of the homeland “as a guarantee of workers’ dignity and rights.” 

Among the 10 urgent measures promoted by this organization, they advocate for “putting an end to the massive and illegal immigration promoted by the globalist power” and establishing a “strict limitation on legal immigration based on the real needs of the labor market.” They also emphasize the need to “facilitate the repatriation of immigrants who are unable to find employment.” The group’s social media activity focuses on immigrants, accusing them of being an economic burden and a threat to the “coexistence” of neighborhoods. On their social media, they have also urged participation in protests against the “Islamization” of working-class neighborhoods. “Coexistence is impossible with the current numbers. We have 14.5% foreigners registered in Terrassa [a municipality in Catalonia], nearly 40% of whom are from Morocco. Does anyone think Terrassa won’t turn into Morocco? It’s inconceivable, there’s no integration,” claimed de la Fuente, who is also a member of Vox, in a video posted on his Instagram account. “And on top of that, the newcomers are the first to stretch out their hands to receive government benefits.” 

De la Fuente is a provincial MP for Vox in Barcelona and a councilman in Sant Adrià de Besòs (Barcelona). He has a long history in far-right and neo-Nazi organizations, such as Plataforma per Catalunya and the Movimiento Social Republicano. He has promoted xenophobic rhetoric on social media and participated in protests against the presence of immigrants in working-class neighborhoods. In 2019, he was charged with hate speech after inciting an attack on a shelter for unaccompanied migrant minors in El Masnou (Barcelona). He is a follower of neo-fascist Russian intellectual Alexander Dugin, a close ally of Putin. In 2016, he participated in the presentation of one of Dugin’s books at the House of Russia in Barcelona. There, he defended Dugin’s role as the “Trojan horse” of Putin’s conservatism in European countries.

Jordi de la Fuente, the leader of the organization, has been charged in connection with the attack on a center for unaccompanied migrant minors in Barcelona in July 2019. On that occasion, using a megaphone, he encouraged a group of xenophobes gathered in front of the center, chanting alongside other demonstrators slogans such as “we are going to get them”, “Moors of shit”, “we are going to burn the hostel” and “we are going to kill you”,  according to the Prosecutor’s account. The attack resulted in four people being injured.

For these actions, the Prosecutor’s Office has charged De la Fuente with a hate crime and is seeking a sentence of two years and two months in prison. After the incident, De la Fuente posted a video on X linking unaccompanied migrant minors to crime. Following his appointment as leader of Solidaridad in 2025, he has reposted tweets on X from party colleagues supporting him amid criticism over his hate crime charges.

Before joining Vox, de la Fuente was part of the xenophobic party Plataforma x Catalunya and was previously a member of the neo-Nazi group Movimiento Social Republicano, appearing on the list for the European elections that the party presented in 2014. During his time in that organization, he shared a table at an event with Pedro Varela, owner of the neo-Nazi bookstore Europa, who was sentenced in 2024 to a year and a half in prison for inciting hatred by spreading and selling Nazi ideology material that denied the Holocaust. The magazine La Marea published a video in which the leader of Solidaridad gave a fascist salute during a concert held in Madrid in 2013.

Headquartered in Madrid, the far-right political party Vox was founded in 2013 by former members of the Popular Party. Vox initially included some former neo-Nazis in party cadres and electoral lists, though it expelled some from the party, while others resigned. The most notable example was “historian” Fernando Paz, the party’s leading candidate in Albacete for the 2019 general election, who ultimately abandoned his candidacy after a scandal over his Holocaust denial and anti-LGBTQ+ views.  It was not until 2019 that Vox gained institutional representation in the Spanish Congress, marking the return of the far right to Spanish politics after decades without a parliamentary presence. In the 2023 Spanish general election, the party remained the third-largest political party in Spain, though its number of MPs fell by 19, receiving roughly three million votes.

The party has been headed by Santiago Abascal since 2014, and has six MEPs in Patriots for Europe, a group that brings together some of the most influential far-right parties in the European Parliament. The party is hugely pro-Trump, even tweeting from its official account that Joe Biden was the preferred candidate of “El País, Podemos, Otegi, Maduro, China, Iran and pedophiles,” which according to the international news agency EFE was echoing QAnon conspiracy theories. Vox took part in the 2021 CPAC Washington, DC, conference and refused to acknowledge Biden’s victory.

Vox is the only party in the Spanish Parliament that openly glorifies the Franco dictatorship. One of its members of Congress even stated that Francoism was “a period of reconstruction, progress, and reconciliation aimed at achieving national unity.” As a result, Vox advocates for repealing the Law of Democratic Memory, which declares the dictatorship illegal and gives historical support for its atrocities and victims. Internationally, Vox promotes an “anti-globalism” rhetoric and defends the concept of the “Iberosphere,” a supposed cultural and political community that it seeks to revive as part of an ultraconservative alliance among Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries.

Vox has actively promoted the white supremacist “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory, with campaigns on social media referring to “covert substitution.” Abascal has claimed that “more and more Spaniards and Europeans feel like strangers in their lifelong neighborhoods, leading to a sense of confusion, dispossession, and loss of control over their own lives.” MP Rocío de Meer reinforced this rhetoric on social media, stating on X that “the future of this country is dark” because “the first baby” born in the last 18 years in a town in the province of Zamora “is named Ayoub,” an Arabic name, thus promoting the idea that the “replacement” is well under way. This same MP recorded a video in Almería further elaborating on this idea: “We symbolically see how one civilization ends and another is imposed. Where there were once bell towers, now there are minarets.” Vox shared this video on their Facebook account with the following message: “No to demographic replacement! YES to promoting national birth rates and NO to turning our neighborhoods into demographic experiment theme parks.” In June 2025, Vox published an economic and housing program that included a call for “remigration,” an ethnic cleansing plan of non-white immigrants conceived of by racist Austrian Identitarian leader Martin Sellner, of legal immigrants who “decide not to integrate” in Spain, “mass deportations” of immigrants, and an “exhaustive audit of all nationality concessions granted in recent years” with the goal of withdrawing them.

As part of this anti-immigrant messaging, Vox has launched multiple campaigns targeting unaccompanied foreign minors arriving in Spain, particularly from the Maghreb. The party links these minors to criminal activities, and Abascal has even spoken of “Islamist invasion” in Congress. His party uses AI-generated images to promote this idea. In one of their posts, they contrasted an image of a white woman with one of a woman wearing a hijab, asking: “What kind of Spain do you want?” They used this post to commemorate International Women’s Day, with a message saying, “We want you to be happy and free, and we want you this way always.” 

In July 2024, in response to the conservative People’s Party’s decision to grant asylum to certain undocumented underage immigrants in their respective regions, Vox decided to leave coalition governments it had formed in the regions of Aragón, Castile and León, Murcia, Extremadura and the Valencian Community, and withdrew their external support for the regional governments of the Balearic Islands and Cantabria. In February 2025, Vox held a rally in Madrid, featuring the autocratic Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán and other far-right elected officials, and vowed to reconquer Europe from Muslim invaders, referencing Spain’s own “reconquering,” or expulsion of the Moors from the Iberian peninsula.

Vox is anti-abortion, denies climate change, has rejected legislation that protects women from gender-based violence, and generally opposes LGBTQ+ rights. It is against “gender ideology,” a code word for LGBTQ+ and women’s rights. On its website, the party states that “the concept of ‘gender violence’ is used to criminalize men and make them suspicious of being abusers and violent simply because they are male.” They also claim that this is intended to “destroy the family unit, the foundation of our nation and of any civilized societies.” Vox congratulated Hungary for passing legislation that banned media and educational content which may be seen by minors from depicting LGBTQ+ individuals or addressing LGBTQ+ issues. The party rejects the display of the Pride flag on public buildings and has opposed the ban on so-called “conversion therapy,” which has been described as akin to torture by the UN. Macarena Olona, former secretary general of Vox’s parliamentary group, stated that “it is a mistake to ban homosexuals from seeking therapy that helps them find their identity.” Abascal has spoken out against same-sex marriage and adoption by same-sex couples. “It’s better for a child to have a father and a mother,” he stated in an interview in 2019. Even so, the party claims not to be anti-LGBTQ+, suggesting that their opposition to Muslim immigration is good for the community, since Muslim immigrants supposedly have anti-LGBTQ+ beliefs. 

The party has rejected the Trans Law, claiming it “severely threatens” the “harmonious” development of minors. “If we’re going to legislate on self-perceptions and unrealities, why only regarding sex? This law discriminates against people who may feel like a platypus or Lady Gaga,” said MP Carla Toscano in Congress. Another MP, María Ruiz, a member of the national leadership, attacked a progressive trans politician during a debate. She asked: “Do you think I am a chronic patient?” to which the Vox politician responded, “You will know, but if you have to constantly medicate yourself, probably yes.” 

Vox includes Franco nostalgists on its electoral lists, as well as members from other ultraconservative organizations. Among them are former members of CitizenGO and HazteOir, a platform that originated in Spain with a fiercely anti-LGBTQ+ agenda. The party also recruited one of the founders of the Spanish branch of the secret Mexican sect El Yunque, along with former members of Falange Española de las JONS, a party first established in the 1930s by the fascist leader José Antonio Primo de Rivera, and Fuerza Nueva, a party created by followers of Franco. In March 2025, the Anti-Corruption Prosecutor’s Office began an investigation regarding Vox’s financing, following a complaint lodged in December by another political party. The investigation concerned alleged illegal donations of 4.6 million euros from Hungary. The complaint is based on a report by the Court of Auditors, which found 1.8 million unjustified euros accounted for as promotional sales, as well as an electoral credit of 6.5 million euros granted by a Hungarian bank during the 2023 general election. The inquiry was closed in June 2025 due to the fact that the Court of Auditors had already sanctioned the party administratively for irregular financing and Spanish law prevents the transfer of already sanctioned facts over to a criminal case.