As Social Media Platforms Ditched Content Moderation, the White Nationalist Identitarianism Movement Exploded

As Identitarianism grows transnationally, so do two white supremacist concepts: the “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory, which has inspired acts of terrorism, and “remigration,” a call for ethnic cleansing of non-white immigrants adopted by far-right political figures, including Donald Trump and European political parties. Social media platforms continue to facilitate the Identitarians’ goal of spreading hate.

Key Points:

• Identitarianism, a white nationalist ideology originating in Europe predicated on the racist “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory, has grown far beyond the continent. GPAHE has documented 37 Generation Identity chapters across Europe, 143 Identitarian organizations and movements across the world, including in the United Kingdom, North America, South America, and Oceania, and 16 European political parties campaigning on remigration and beliefs in the “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory.
• In 2026, Identitarian online accounts have grown by 70%, more than 3 million followers, since last documented in a 2023 Global Project Against Hate and Extremism (GPAHE) report. Instagram (142 percent increase) and X (83 percent increase) facilitated the greatest growth of Identitarian accounts in this time frame.
• GPAHE found an additional 464 GI and Identitarian social media accounts across X, Instagram, YouTube, TikTok, and Facebook, with more than 11 million followers in its 2026 investigation. This rapid growth was enabled by social media platforms’ weakening of content moderation practices, largely an effort to appease the Trump administration.
• The ideas spread by this rapidly expanding movement, particularly the white supremacist “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory, have motivated mass acts of terrorism targeting Jews, Muslims, immigrants, Black and LGBTQ+ communities, and others globally.
• Identitarian activists have been making inroads with powerful political figures and American organizations and individuals. Identitarian Eva Vlaardingerbroek, who was banned from the UK, has met with the Heritage Foundation, architects of Donald Trump’s authoritarian Project 2025 agenda, and Turning Point USA (TPUSA). Greg Bovino, former commander-at-large of the Border Patrol, spoke at a recent Remigration Summit, a policy proposal to ethnically cleanse countries of non-white people. The U.S. State Department now has an Office of Remigration.

The pan-European white nationalist Generation Identity (GI) network, whose French chapters were dissolved by that government in 2021 for their racist activism and connections to violence and that has been labeled as right-wing extremist by the German authorities, has surged in popularity since GPAHE’s last reporting in 2023. Far-right political figures such as Donald Trump and Elon Musk echoing Identitarian talking points and attacking online content moderation practices, and social media platforms’ own recalcitrance to enforce their Terms of Service in an effort to curry favor with the Trump administration, have helped GI and its racist ideas surge in popularity.

New research conducted by GPAHE has found an explosion of Identitarian activism online and off. Identitarianism is a white supremacist belief system, originating in France during the 1970s and 1980s, that takes inspiration from the racist, anti-immigrant works of French far-right writer Alain de Benoist, the Nouvelle Droite (New Right) movement, and Jean Raspail’s racist 1973 novel Le Camp des Saints (Camp of the Saints). Identitarians ascribe to the “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory, threshed out in Frenchman Renaud Camus’ 2011 book Le Grand Remplacement (“The Great Replacement”), which contends that white people are purposely being “replaced” in their home countries with immigrants and refugees, with the scheme often being laid at the feet of “globalists” or Jews. The proposed “solution” to white people’s “replacement” is argued by Identitarians to be “remigration,” meaning to ethnically cleanse non-white people, sending them back to their supposed home countries. 

Following up on its reports on Identitarianism from 2020 and 2023, GPAHE has identified 37 active GI chapters, defined as entities that use the Identitarian lambda symbol and/or the “Generation Identity” or “Identitäre Bewegung” (Identitarian Movement, IB) moniker, Identitarian “houses” (i.e., meeting centers), and Identitarian front organizations, across Europe (GPAHE previously defined GI chapters as those explicitly identifying as GI, but has expanded the scope to include front organizations and meeting centers to adequately capture GI organizing). In addition, GPAHE identified 149 transnational movements and groups  adhering to Identitarian beliefs, such as the “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory and remigration, including in the United States, Canada, New Zealand, Colombia, and Brazil.  Groups and organizations include publishing houses selling Identitarian texts, Identitarian media studios (online content, film, gaming), Identitarian think-tanks, activist groups engaging in Identitarian demonstrations, stickering and banner drops, media outlets which regularly platform prominent Identitarians or are run by Identitarians, and political parties campaigning on remigration (such as the AfD, whose leader Alice Weidel publicly adopted the term as policy in January 2025) and beliefs in the “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory.

In this 2026 reporting, GPAHE has found 464 additional GI and Identitarian social media accounts across X, Instagram, YouTube, TikTok, and Facebook, with over 11 million followers. Identitarian accounts documented in GPAHE’s 2023 report have grown by over three million followers (70 percent increase) cumulatively across these social media platforms. Instagram (142 percent increase) and X (83 percent increase) facilitated the greatest growth of Identitarian  accounts from 2023 to 2026. All numbers provided are as of April 2026, unless otherwise specified.

The Great Replacement conspiracy theory and this racist movement has inspired mass terrorist violence against Jews, Muslims, immigrants, LGBTQ+ people, Black people, and other marginalized communities. One such perpetrator is the Christchurch, N.Z., shooter, responsible for the murder of 51 Muslims and the attempted murder of another 40 at two mosques in 2019. He exchanged emails with GI’s de-facto leader and former neo-Nazi Martin Sellner, and made a €1,500 donation to Sellner’s home GI chapter, Identitäre Bewegung Österreich (Identitarian Movement Austria, IBO). His violence intended to stop the racist, and fictional “Great Replacement.”

Most recently, the perpetrators of the Islamic Center of San Diego shooting in May 2026, at which three people were killed, cited the “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory and the Christchurch shooting as primary motivators behind the attack (read GPAHE’s full analysis of the San Diego attackers’ manifesto here). There have been at least 14 attacks motivated by these racist beliefs since 2017.

Generation Identity’s Decade of Hate

The Identitarian youth movement, Generation Identity, was first founded in France (Génération Identitaire) by the youth faction of Les Identitaires (formerly Bloc Identitaire, founded in 2003) and Germany (Identitäre Bewegung Deutschland, IBD) in 2012. The movement is strongly opposed to Muslims and Islam and argues for a new reconquest of Europe, or Reconquista, referencing the 700-year period in which Christians violently expelled Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula. Followers complain of an “Islamization” of Europe through mass immigration, a term rooted in the “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory, which they view as a threat to European culture and society. GI’s first major public action was in October 2012, when Identitarians occupied the largest mosque in Poitiers, France, to denounce the “Islamization of France.” Members of Generation Identity spent nearly a decade engaging in hateful activism, such as attempting to stoke violence on the Greek island of Lesbos, to which they traveled to “confront” refugees, engaging in violence during protests or GI actions in Germany and France, and advocating for terrorist attacks against mosques.

GI was unofficially led by Austrian Martin Sellner, head of the Austrian chapter of GI, Identitäre Bewegung Österreich. Sellner didn’t always identify as an Identitarian. He once belonged to a neo-Nazi group called “Stolz und Frei” (Proud and Free), and was mentored by Gottfried Küssel, who was imprisoned twice in Austria for “Nazi revivalism.” In 2006, Sellner admitted to sticking a swastika poster on a synagogue in Baden bei Wien, Austria. Sellner claims to have “left [Nazism] behind a long time ago.”

A major undertaking by the movement was the “Defend Europe” campaign in 2017, orchestrated by Identitarians who chartered a ship in the Mediterranean to interfere with migrant boats and the NGOs helping them. The actions were praised by former American Klansman David Duke, who encouraged his Twitter followers to donate to the movement. GI was able to raise more than $158,000 for their anti-immigrant activism in the Mediterranean. The Christchurch killer’s 2019 manifesto specifically called for violence against NGOs who had “ferr[ied] the invaders to European shores aboard their own vessels.”

GI’s racist activism and calls-to-violence were left unchecked by social media platforms for years. In July 2020, GPAHE found at least twelve countries represented by 31 GI chapters with 86,000 subscribers collectively on YouTube. There were also 67 Twitter accounts for Generation Identity chapters, not including the accounts of individual Identitarians and associated movements and meeting centers, in 14 countries with nearly 140,000 followers combined. As a result of GPAHE’s 2020 findings, Twitter deplatformed Sellner and dozens of GI accounts across the globe, including from Austria, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, and South Africa. But YouTube, despite deplatforming Sellner, continued to run advertisements on Identitarian channels, and instead claimed to label and link to a Wikipedia entry on the “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory on videos that espoused such rhetoric. This approach to countering terrorist-inspiring disinformation is insufficient, and YouTube used it sparingly.

In March 2021, Génération Identitaire was dissolved in France by the Council of Ministers for “inciting violence and discrimination,” leading GI branches and its members across Europe to creating splinter groups, such as Argos and Les Natifs (The Natives), or joining other white nationalist, anti-Muslim, or anti-immigrant movements. Other chapters such as GI Germany, however, continued to engage in transnational activism, like the May 2023 “No Way” campaign, in which Identitarians rented out billboards in Uganda, Ghana, Somalia, and other countries to spread the message: “No Way – Do not come to Europe.”

Normalizing Identitarian Ideas

Sellner and the Identitarians continued their activism across Europe, despite GI’s dissolution in France. He emphasized a strategy of “metapolitics” to his followers: embedding concepts and buzzwords into mainstream public discourse, with the end goal of making it socially acceptable for political institutions to absorb them into policy. In Sellner’s own words, “this bigger invisible metapolitical war is the Reconquista. In order to win, we need to normalize our ideas. The main core of the right, the continuity of an ethnocultural identity, needs to be put into the center.”

Thus, the Identitarian strategy relies on comprehensive and savvy PR plans, a steady stream of finances, and social media to accelerate the normalization of ethnic cleansing plans such as “remigration” for the creation of a whites-only Europe. Social media platforms have been instrumental in moving these ideas into politics and other organizations.

For example, Identitarians infused their politics of remigration into Junge Alternative für Deutschland (Young Alternative for Germany, JA), formerly the youth faction of the far-right German party Alternative für Deutschland’s (Alternative for Germany, AfD). In a 2023 report, GPAHE found Junge Alternative videos on YouTube featuring Identitarian figures such as Philipp Huemer, former leader of Identitäre Bewegung Wien (Identitarian Movement Vienna). Facebook continued to allow JA to spread remigration propaganda even after the group was classified as right-wing extremist by the German authorities. In 2023, there were 66 JA chapters with over 160,000 combined followers.

Within two years of Sellner proposing it, in January 2025, AfD leader Alice Weidel openly embraced remigration as policy, saying: “And I have to be honest with you: if it’s going to be called remigration, then that’s what it’s going to be: remigration.” In May 2025, Lena Kotré, the AfD’s spokesperson for remigration in Brandenburg, made a speech at the 2025 Remigration Summit, organized by Sellner and other Identitarians, crediting Sellner for helping to “gradually introduce remigration into the public consciousness in Germany.” In March 2026, Sellner announced he founded the Institute for Remigration with Huemer, dedicated to “connect[ing] politicians, researchers, and journalists” for the expressed purpose of “demographic sovereignty and the preservation of ethnocultural continuity.” Kotré spoke again at the Remigration Summit in May 2026.

Trump Mainstreams Remigration

Donald Trump began calling for remigration during his 2024 campaign for president. By late 2025, remigration became official U.S. policy, with the Department of Homeland Security posting on X: “The goal has never been more clear: Remigration now,” and the State Department creating an “Office of Remigration.”

In response to specific questions from WIRED about the Office of Remigration, the State Department replied: “President Trump promised to reverse the Biden-era invasion of illegal aliens and once again make America a country for Americans. Remigration puts these words into action.” Trump’s mass deportation policies have had real world disastrous effects, including several deaths at the hands of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents.

Sellner said Trump’s policy “ticks many of the boxes” of what needs to be done to institute remigration. Gregory Bovino, who was Trump’s commander-at-large of the border patrol from October 2025 to January 2026 (Bovino was removed from this role after immigration enforcement officers killed two U.S. citizens protesting their operations), was announced on X as a speaker at Sellner’s Remigration Summit in May 2026.” In an interview with WIRED, Bovino said “Over the past year, remigration did actually occur [in the US] … but [they] got a long way to go,” Speaking with Sellner, Bovino said it is “our legal, ethical, and moral duty to secure those borders and remigrate.”

The Identitarian Landscape

As these ideas have gained in popularity, other hate movements have adopted “remigration” and beliefs in the “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory as their own core tenets. A group or movement no longer needs to specifically identify as Identitarian, follow the “Generation Identity” moniker or branding, or view Sellner as their de-facto leader to embrace Identitarianism. These beliefs are captured through osmosis, whether through virality on social media or the normalization of white supremacy and conspiracy theories facilitated by influencers and political figures.

GPAHE has mapped out the Identitarian movement transnationally, which includes 37 Generation Identity chapters across Europe and 138 Identitarian organizations and movements around the world. Groups and organizations include publishing houses selling Identitarian texts, Identitarian media studios (online content, film, gaming), Identitarian think-tanks, activist groups engaging in Identitarian demonstrations, stickering and banner drops, media outlets which regularly platform prominent Identitarians or are run by Identitarians, and European political parties campaigning on remigration and beliefs in the “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory.

It is not possible to identify an exhaustive list of groups and movements which embrace Identitarianism, particularly given the fluid nature of social media. GPAHE’s map (below) is a snapshot of the current state of Identitarianism at the time of publishing; new movements may continue to surface, and more political parties may adopt remigration as core tenets of their policies in the future, as the AfD did in January 2025.

Across social media platforms, Generation Identity chapters, Identitarian groups and movements, and individual GI members have increased their follower counts by 70 percent since 2023. The 464 accounts GPAHE has added to its dataset across X, Instagram, YouTube, TikTok, and Facebook, and not included in previous reports, total 11.4 million followers. Altogether, Identitarian accounts across social media platforms have hit almost 20 million followers.

Instagram: The Identitarian Recruitment Ground

Meta’s image-sharing platform Instagram has become a hot spot for Identitarian organizing and recruitment, in part due to Meta’s abandonment of content moderation practices since Trump’s second term in office began. In January 2025, Meta dismantled its content moderation infrastructure and terminated its diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) programs just days before Trump returned to the White House. Less than one month later, a GPAHE investigation uncovered several neo-Nazi Instagram accounts monetizing anti-Black racism, misogyny, and antisemitism on the platform (Instagram removed some antisemitic content, but left misogyny and anti-Black racism unchecked). Identitarians jumped on the opportunity to utilize a large social media platform to recruit new members. 65 new Identitarian Instagram accounts, based on the definition provided above, were created in 2025, with an additional 31 so far in 2026. 24 of these accounts represented GI chapters (i.e., using the term “Generation Identity” the term Identitäre Bewegung,” using the Identitarian lambda symbol, or those acting as a front for GI).

From 2023 to 2026, Identitarian groups and individuals on Instagram flagged in GPAHE’s 2023 report saw a 142 percent increase in followers. The biggest increases belonged to Alice Cordier (+201,800), director of the French Identitarian movement Collectif Némésis (Nemesis Collective), and the umbrella Collectif Némésis account, which saw an increase of 104,400 followers. Other notable increases include “Mathilda Nemesis” (+54,998), the communications manager of Collectif Némésis, and Eric Zemmour (+75,000), the president of French white nationalist party Reconquête! (Reconquest!). Reconquête was created to serve as a personal vehicle for Éric Zemmour’s presidential run in 2022 and has since served to unite broad swaths of the far right deemed too extreme for the conservative Front National. Zemmour has described Muslims as “colonizers” incapable of assimilating, and campaigned on deporting hundreds of thousands of immigrants, even threatening to seize the assets of African leaders who refuse to accept deported peoples into their countries. Zemmour was convicted of racist hate speech in January 2022 for a tirade against child migrants in which he called them “thieves,” “rapists,” and “murderers.” Zemmour unsuccessfully appealed the ruling, with the court saying Zemmour’s comments “exceeded the permissible limits of freedom of expression due to their violence and generality.”

In 2026, GPAHE has found 201 additional Identitarian accounts, including 126 created since the publication of our last report (October 2023). Twenty-four of these newly flagged accounts represent Generation Identity chapters, 16 represent individual members of these chapters, and 127 represent Identitarian groups operating worldwide. Seventy-eight of these accounts are situated in Germany, 60 in France, 12 in Switzerland, and 11 in Austria. Other countries represented are Spain, the Netherlands, Portugal, Canada, Italy, Belgium, and Denmark.

One GI network active on Instagram is Aktion 451, which according to the Austrian Office for the Protection of the Constitution, operates as a front organization for the Identitarian Movement, meaning it consists of clearly recognizable “personnel overlaps” with IBO and engages in the same activism. For example, Martin Sellner and IB chapters, such as IB Berlin, IB Niedersachsen, and IB Leipzig, regularly advertise Aktion 451 events and encourage recruitment into its chapters. It was founded in November 2023 in Vienna and named after the dystopian novel Fahrenheit 451. Aktion 451 reportedly emerged from a reading group dedicated to the Italian fascist Julius Evola. Their first public demonstration, in November 2023, at the University of Vienna included an appearance by German Identitarian Götz Kubitschek.

The group made its first post on Instagram on October 23, 2025, and has since used the platform to spread recruitment messages, calling for their followers from Vienna to “contact us and become part of the only dissident university group.” “Dissident” is a euphemism used by far-right groups to signal their political views, typically far-right viewpoints outside of the mainstream. Aktion 451’s German chapters, all on Instagram, are in Dresden, Erfurt, Jena, Augsburg, Stuttgart, Munich, Leipzig, Frankfurt, Kaiserslautern, and Schmalkalden. They also have three chapters in Austria: Vienna, Carinthia, and Graz, and one chapter in Switzerland. The group has made inroads with Americans, such as hosting extremist blogger Curtis Yarvin in February 2025, who has influenced figures like JD Vance and is known for promoting dictatorship and the dismantling of democracy. While AfD Hessen has urged its members to avoid participating in meetings with Aktion 451, individual AfD members, such as Jörg Baumann, came to their defense, making a post on X calling Aktion 451’s members “young, patriotic, educated people who stand up for the renewal of our homeland.”

Other GI chapters use different names on Instagram to circumvent content moderation practices, such as Identitäre Bewegung Österreich (Identitarian Movement Austria, IBÖ), the Austrian chapter of Generation Identity. Under the name “ActiveAustria,” the group makes posts advertising Identitarian activism while linking back to the official IBÖ website on their posts. They also promote several other Identitarian groups on Instagram, such as “Generation Denmark” (730 followers), “Generation Remigration” (France, 2,124 followers), “Generation Germany” (5,304 followers), Giovani Identitari (Italy, 6,782 followers), Reconquista (Portugal, 21,800 followers), and Reconquista España (Spain, 18,600 followers as of May 2026). Both the ActiveAustria Instagram account and the IBÖ Telegram page made the same post on October 14, 2025, shown below.

The Identitarian “feminist” movement Collectif Némésis (+104,400) has seen a rapid surge in follower counts and account creations since 2023. Founded in 2019, Collectif Némésis claims that women’s rights, and particularly their safety, are being undermined by increased immigration from Muslim countries. They describe themselves as a “feminist collective, identitarian and non-conformist” and engage in hateful activism regularly. On May 16, 2026, Director of Collectif Némésis Alice Cordier (227,000 followers) performed a racist stunt at the “Unite the Kingdom” rally, organized by violent Islamophobe Stephen Yaxley-Lennon (“Tommy Robinson”), in which she and two others wore, and then removed, Niqabs (veils sometimes worn by Muslim women covering their entire face, except for their eyes). In the accompanying Instagram post, Cordier said “it seemed important to us to show that [the Niqab] has no place in our European civilization.”

In 2026, GPAHE documented Collectif Némésis accounts on Instagram representing national chapters in France (120,000 followers), Belgium (909 followers), Switzerland (5,724 followers), and Italy (17,100 followers). Of the 37 total Collectif Némésis accounts found, 23 are regional accounts with “recrutement” (French for “recruitment”) in their usernames, such as recrutement.nemesis (3,778 followers), and recrutement nemesis_lyon (4,171 followers). The recruitment accounts are used to advertise hateful activism, such as the Lyon chapter also staging a racist protest involving its members wearing veils meant to mimic Muslim women. The Instagram post referenced the “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory, saying “Islamists are beginning to make nests in certain town halls, whisper in the ear of certain elected officials and vote en masse for certain parties. What if tomorrow, thanks to their galloping demographics, they came to power?” Spreading fears of people voting as an “ethnic bloc” is a common Identitarian and “Great Replacement” talking point, often parroted by politicians transnationally, as white nationalists claim immigration intentionally reduces white people’s voting power. The post finishes with a recruitment call: “If you too are worried about the future, your place and your safety in our country as a woman, don’t hesitate and join us.” Collectif Némésis also claims the Germany-based Lukreta (26,900 followers) as having the “same values” as them, and the England-based Women’s Safety Initiative (34,100 followers) as a “sister organization.”

Extremists Exporting Identitarianism Transnationally on X

Since Elon Musk’s takeover of Twitter (now called “X”), the platform has become a cesspool of hate, driven by extremists and far-right political figures. Similarly, the Identitarian movement and its adherents have seen staggering amounts of growth on the platform since 2020, increasing its collective follower count by 1,337 percent over six years. This includes the addition of new Identitarian accounts over time, especially since 2023, when Musk took over Twitter. GPAHE has flagged 196 Identitarian accounts on X since 2020, with 27 created in 2023 alone.

X’s hateful conduct policy states that “spreading fearful stereotypes about a protected category,” “dehumanization,” and “hateful imagery” is prohibited. Yet, Identitarians, who are explicitly white nationalist, anti-Muslim, anti-LGBTQ+, and anti-Black, continue to thrive on the platform. The “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory and remigration have become steeped in white nationalist spaces on X, with Musk himself pushing their messaging. He has publicly endorsed the “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory and called for “large-scale remigration.”

From the accounts monitored by GPAHE in 2020, which include accounts re-activated on X under Musk, the combined follower count on the platform has increased by over 655,000 (108 percent), even with 35 fewer accounts active. Accounts with the largest increases are AfD (+311,600), Martin Sellner (+139,100), TV Libertés (+115,000), and Thaïs D’Escufon (+90,700), the former GI spokesperson in France.

Sellner’s return to X (he was deplatformed in 2020 after GPAHE reporting), thanks to Musk, has helped to amplify remigration even further into the mainstream. Sellner referred to X’s advertising revenue sharing program as “really important,” thereby “monetizing reach” as a fundraising strategy. In September 2025, shortly after the murder of Iryna Zarutska in Charlotte, North Carolina, Sellner jumped on the opportunity to paint all Black people as violent and call for remigration. He made a post on September 10, 2025, with a picture saying “White Lives Matter” followed by “Iryna was murdered by a Black criminal. Remigration saves lives.” The post garnered over 500,000 views, and 49,000 likes as of May 2026.

When political figures, such as Trump, endorse remigration, Sellner claims a metapolitical victory. For example, following a Truth Social post made by Trump in November 2025 calling for “reverse migration,” a euphemism for remigration, Sellner celebrated “what is still considered ‘right wing extremist’ and criminalized in Europe is becoming an official administrative measure in the US.” In 2026, Sellner launched the Institute for Remigration (IFR, 7,152. X followers as of May 2026) alongside former IB Vienna leader Philipp Huemer (4,225 followers), who will be the institute’s “Managing Director.”

AfD (472,400 followers on X), a party which once considered the Identitarian movement incompatible with its values, is now openly allying with IBD and their racist adherents. On March 25, 2026, AfD Members of European Parliament (MEPs) Mary Khan and Alexander Jungbluth hosted Ein Prozent (“One Percent,” 27,600 followers), a white nationalist German organization with strong ties to IBD, at the European parliament. Philip Stein (13,000 followers), director of Ein Prozent, spoke alongside Michael Schäfer, acting as a representative for Ein Prozent and who was formerly a leader in the violent neo-Nazi group Wernigeröder Aktionsfront (Wernigerode Action Front, WAF), and the neo-Nazi youth group Junge Nationalisten (Young Nationalists, JN).

Lena Kotré, deputy chairwoman of the AfD parliamentary group in the Brandenburg State Parliament, interviewed Identitarian Aron Pielka in May 2026, posting a clip on X with the caption “remigration is the moderate solution” (“moderate solution” is a phrase often used online as the alternative to more extreme, and sometimes violent, measures that could be needed). Pielka, who goes by the pseudonym “Shlomo Finkelstein” online, was convicted in 2021 of incitement to hatred and the use of signs of unconstitutional organizations and sentenced to one year in prison. Pielka was incarcerated in August 2024 and was released around May 2025. Kotré has also used her platform on X to advertise the Remigration Summit, attended by Identitarians transnationally, at which she spoke in 2025 and 2026. Kotré similarly announced her “full solidarity” with IBD leader Maximilian Märkl (6,053 followers) after he was denied entry onto a flight leaving from Germany to the 2026 Remigration Summit in Portugal.

From the accounts added to GPAHE’s dataset from October 2023, total followers rose by 83 percent from 2023 to 2026, with some of the largest increases belonging to Dutch Identitarian influencer Eva Vlaardingerbroek (+591,000) and GI co-founder Damien Rieu (+108,300). After Musk took over Twitter, several GI-affiliated accounts flagged in GPAHE’s 2020 report were reinstated. Following the 2023 GPAHE report, X briefly deplatformed 31 accounts associated with GI, only to have 26 of them reinstated within 48 hours. Rieu, like Sellner, has praised Trump as a “Western leader who has implemented a form of… remigration,” emphasizing the need to “applaud” when Identitarian rhetoric becomes policy transnationally.

Vlaardingerbroek (1.2 million followers), was a speaker at the 2026 Remigration Summit. But she also has connections to major far-right organizations in the U.S.  Vlaardingerbroek had her Electronic Travel Authorization (ETA) to the United Kingdom canceled in 2026. She had planned to speak at violent Islamophobe Tommy Robinson’s “Unite the Kingdom” rally, but according to a screenshot she shared, her ETA was canceled because her “presence in the UK is not considered to be conducive to the public good.” In May 2026, she met with Kevin Roberts, president of the Heritage Foundation, architects of Trump’s Christian nationalist Project 2025 agenda. In a post on X, Vlaardingerbroek called Heritage an “inspiration,” while Roberts praised the remigration activist for her efforts to “ward off mass migration,” which “are inspiring nations far beyond even their own continent.” One of Project 2025’s pillars, titled “Defend Our Borders,” shares similarities with Identitarian beliefs, such as demonizing immigrants as a crime-ridden plague and proposing to restrict asylum.

GPAHE’s 2026 investigation into Identitarianism on X flagged 145 accounts (52 of which were created after our 2023 report), with a cumulative follower count of 5.1 million. Eighty-five of these accounts are monetized with X Premium (signaled by the blue check next to their name), and three with gold checks (official organization accounts). Six accounts represented GI chapters, 69 Identitarian groups or movements which have embraced Identitarianism as part of their activism, and 17 individual GI members.

The biggest accounts are RadioGenoa (1.5 million followers), Restore Britain leader Rupert Lowe (760,000 followers), Kevin DeAnna of the white supremacist organization American Renaissance (144,000 followers), and Alice Cordier (121,300 followers), who is the director of the French Identitarian movement Collectif Némésis. Identitäre Bewegung Schwaben (6,222 followers), Dennis Braun (18,500 followers under the name “Aminius”), IBD leader Maximilian Markl (6,053 followers), and Ein Prozent President Philip Stein (13,000 followers) are notable accounts with direct connections to the Identitarian movement on X.

Restore Britain, led by Rupert Lowe, is formerly a pressure group and now a far-right political party. At their launch event, Lowe referenced his desire to enact mass deportations, saying “millions will have to go.” According to Hope Not Hate, Lowe’s team at Restore Britain are “even more radical” than he is, with “key figures openly advocating for remigration.” One such figure is Harrison Pitt (25,500 followers), a senior policy fellow with Restore Britain, who has made inroads with the European Identitarian movement and regularly calls for remigration on his X account. Pitt made a post on X advertising a discussion with Renaud Camus, who coined the term “Great Replacement,” and Sellner, on the “moral case for remigration.” Prior to supporting Restore, Pitt urged Reform UK, a right-wing party led by Nigel Farage, to “follow in the rewarding footsteps of Donald Trump” and that “remigration must happen.” Charlie Downes (84,000 followers, as of May 2026), Restore Britain’s campaigns director and spokesman, said Restore Britain’s “purpose” is to “[embark] on an ambitious process of civilized remigration.”

American white supremacist Jared Taylor (131,200 followers), who has described himself as an Identitarian since 2015, has been using X to advertise new-found Identitarian connections. Taylor attended the 2025 and 2026 Remigration Summits, and has advertised Sellner’s Institute for Remigration as “the organization we need most.” In November 2025, Taylor made a post announcing he traveled to Portugal to speak at a meeting organized by Reconquista, an Identitarian organization led by Afonso Gonçalves (52,700 followers). Taylor also made a video address to Frontera, an Identitarian group based in Spain, at Gonçalves’ request. In March 2026, Taylor attended a remigration march in Leuven, Belgium, organized by Nationalistische Studentenvereniging (Nationalist Student Association, NSV, 4,061 followers) and attended by Identitarians from across the continent. During the rally, NSV members threw fireworks at counter-protestors and chanted “Ausländer raus” (“Foreigners out”) and “Deutschland den Deutschen” (“Germany for the Germans”), the latter of which was a slogan used by Hitler.

YouTube Monetizes Calls For Ethnic Cleansing

A long-time superspreader of the “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory, YouTube continues to platform videos promoting “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory content and is monetizing videos featuring Identitarian influencers — most notably Martin Sellner and Eva Vlaardingerbroek.

Subscribers from YouTube channels monitored by GPAHE increased by 48 percent from 2023 to 2026. The largest increases were TV Libertés (+338,000), AfD (+144,000), and Thaïs D’Escufon (+83,000), with D’Escufon and TV Libertés both monetized.

GPAHE has found an additional 29 channels, of which three are monetized, with Identitarian views such as beliefs in the “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory and advocating for remigration, or connected to the Identitarian movement. German Identitarian channels make up thirteen, or 33 percent, of those discovered, followed by France, with five. The total subscriber count is just over one million and the total view count of these channels sits at just over 829 million, a staggering figure demonstrating how Identitarians capitalize on YouTube’s poor content moderation to spread their hateful rhetoric and ideology across channels, and in several languages.

Following GPAHE’s 2020 report, YouTube deplatformed Sellner, and at least briefly stopped monetizing GI accounts (YouTube was running American presidential ads on racist videos) while refusing to address the broader GI and Identitarian content on their platform. In October 2023, GPAHE documented more than a dozen GI Germany accounts deplatformed by YouTube, including the umbrella IBD channel and channels belonging to several regional chapters. Now, GI accounts and Identitarians are making their way back onto YouTube, albeit with different names. For example, Lederhosenrevolte (587 subscribers) is the pseudonym for Identitäre Bewegung Bayern (Identitarian Movement Bayern). The channel posts videos featuring its members, including one vlog of a remigration rally in Vienna. In the video descriptions, the channel links to a Telegram page of the same name. The Telegram channel’s description reads: “Identitäre Bewegung Bayern.”

Patrioten in Bewegung (Patriots in Motion, 1,950 subscribers) represents the group Widerstand in Bewegung (Resistance in Motion), which is a front for the Austrian Identitarian movement.

While Sellner still doesn’t have his own YouTube channel, he is frequently featured on other large, and often monetized, channels. GPAHE discovered 46 videos featuring Sellner, 34 of which were monetized and 13 auto-dubbed into English from German. YouTube has not only monetized the politics of remigration, but they also made it accessible transnationally and without language barriers. In an interview with YouTuber Eingollan Eingast, Sellner speaks of “Islamization,” making racist claims that Muslims are taking over a country, changing cultural norms, and imposing Sharia law, and how remigration can be the “solution.” He also describes Restore Britain as a “patriotic party” which can be part of a “remigration alliance.”

Eva Vlaardingerbroek has similarly become a popular figure on YouTube. From 159 videos found by GPAHE, 69 were monetized, and seven auto-dubbed into English. According to YTLarge, the estimated cumulative revenue from all these videos is around $27,000. Several of these videos make explicit references to the “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory. A YouTube short (short-form content under three minutes long, posted in a vertical orientation), posted by Turning Point USA (TPUSA) in December 2023, showed Vlaardingerbroek at one of their events speaking about the “globalist agenda,” Europe being “flooded with immigrants,” and European culture being “destroyed and replaced.” TPUSA, formerly run by Charlie Kirk and now by his wife, Erika Kirk, has been described as the “MAGA youth wing.” Charlie Kirk and the organization regularly espoused beliefs in the “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory, with Kirk saying “Biden intentionally let Afghanistan fall because he wants a couple hundred thousand more Ilhan Omars to come into America to change the body politic permanently.” TPUSA is among at least 100 organizational supporters of Trump’s Christian nationalist Project 2025 agenda.

Identitarianism Reaching Young Audiences on TikTok

GPAHE did not focus on TikTok in its 2020 report but conducted a non-exhaustive search in 2023. From the 16 accounts flagged in 2023, the total follower count rose by 52 percent, and the number of likes given to videos on these channels rose by 92 percent. Identitarian channels such as Thaïs D’Escufon (+168,900) and Eric Zemmour (+46,500) saw large increases in their follower counts.

In 2026, GPAHE found an additional 88 accounts either representing Identitarian groups or individual members spreading “Great Replacement” and remigration rhetoric, totaling over 2 million followers and 25 million likes. Sixteen of these belong to Collectif Némésis chapters and members, 14 to GI chapters and members, and five to the neo-Nazi youth group Junge Tat, based out of Switzerland. Identitäre Bewegung Berlin is on the platform with over 200 followers, and Aktion 451, a front organization for the Identitarian movement with chapters in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, has over 1,000 followers. Generation Identitær Danmark (Generation Identity Denmark) is also on TikTok with over 1,500 followers.

Junge Alternative’s Too Extreme For Germany, Not For Facebook

In 2023, GPAHE flagged 76 Identitarian Facebook accounts with a cumulative following of over one million. In 2026, that number increased by 46 percent, with the largest follower increases belonging to TV Libertés (+453,300), AfD (+114,000), and Reconquête leader Eric Zemmour (97,000).

Despite Junge Alternative (JA) being classified as right-wing extremist by the German Office for the Protection of the Constitution, and AfD dissolving (to avoid scrutiny due to their own extremism) and replacing the organization with Generation Deutschland (Generation Germany, GD) in March 2025, 43 Junge Alternative accounts remain on Facebook.

From the JA accounts monitored by GPAHE, several rebranded to “Generation Deutschland” but are clearly the same group. For example, Junge Alternative Baderborn has changed their page name to Generation Deutschland Paderborn (7,300 followers). The chapter’s follower count increased by 152 percent since 2023, despite JA being “dissolved” by AfD. Junge Alternative Oberlausitz, which changed their Facebook page name to Generation Deutschland Oberlausitz (9,000 followers) saw their follower count increase by 291 percent. On both pages, old posts clearly from their time as Junge Alternative chapters are still visible.

Editor’s note: GPAHE’s 2020 and 2023 reports captured several Identitarian accounts across YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter with TikTok and Instagram added in 2023. Our new 2026 report continues to expand the list of Identitarian accounts monitored by GPAHE on social media, however it still may not reflect the entirety of the movement’s influence.